LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Chap... Copyright No. 

Shelf„_V^_(p3 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Grammatical 



Cautions 



A concise and comprehensive arrangement of the Gram< 

matical Cautions to be observed in using English, 

supplemented by exercises affording the 

drill necessary to acquire facility and 

skill in applying these cautions. 



JAMES F. WILLIS 



Grammatical Cautions 



A CONCISE AND COMPREHENSIVE ARRANGEMENT OF THE GRAM 

MATICAL CAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN USING ENGLISH, 

SUPPLEMENTED BY EXERCISES AFFORDING THE 

DRILL NECESSARY TO ACQUIRE FACILITY AND 

SKILL IN APPLYING THESE CAUTIONS. 






By JAMES FT WILLIS, 

Instructor in English Grammar. 

Author of " Practical Punctuation," " Capital Letters," " 2000 Drill Sentences 
for Grammatical Analysis," " 100 Exercises in Punctuation," &c. 



s> 0CT AJO j 893* 

"WASHES 



PHILADELPHIA: 
No. 1427 Euclid Avenue. 

1893. 






-rfcllll 



Copyrighted 1893, by JAMES F. Wm,is. 



PRESS "i 

F. MCMANUS, JR. & CO. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



PREFACE. 

This book is designed as companion to the author's "2000 Drill Sentences 
for Grammatical Analysis," and is on the same method as his "Practical 
Punctuation," — to afford those who are acquainted with grammar the requisite 
practice to criticize and correct sentences readily; and to teach those who are 
unacquainted with grammar, the right forms, through the carefully-arranged 
cautions, and the numerous drill exercises. 

There are several other works upon this subject ; but, as the only end of 
such a book is to give facility in criticizing and correcting grammatical syntax, 
they seem defective, either in the lack of drill exercises and occasional review 
work, or in being too discursive : it is thought this book has advantages over 
the others, since it has been the aim to avoid these two weak points. It deals 
exclusively with syntax, treating carefully all the cautions relative to the Parts 
of Speech and their subdivisions and modifications, — and treating them fully. 
There are some exercises to which greater space is allowed than to others ; and 
this has been done because many years' careful observation in the classroom 
has shown that this is needful, and that it would be unwise to shorten them. 
It is believed that, with the reviews and general review, if the directions 
given are carefully followed, the student can master the subject more quickly 
and more easily, than is possible through other books upon the same branch. 

The greater part of the book has been tested in several grammar classes ; 
but it will readily be seen how mistakes may escape ; for all such, the author 
asks indulgence, and will be grateful to have them pointed out. 

Bearing in mind that studies are generalty to be considered more for their 
educational value, than for their utility, stress should be laid more upon the 
criticism of the sentence than upon the correction, as the criticism calls for the 
exercise both of judgment and of memory: merely to correct the sentences, is 
to rob the study of its important educational power. 

Philadelphia, October 2, 1893. 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 



Pronoun Cautions. 

1. Never use pronouns needlessly. 

2. " " the two kinds of pronouns in addressing a person. 

3. " " them for those. 

4. " " what for the conjunction that. 

5. " " the antecedent of what. 

6. " "a pronoun whose reference to an antecedent is not clear. 

7. Place the adjective clause as near as possible to the word it modifies. 

8. When several connected adjective clauses are used in the same sentence, 

use the same relative pronoun. 

9. When the adjective clause is not restrictive, generally use who or which, 

and not that. 

10. Use that, and not who or which: 

1. When the antecedent names both persons and things; 

2. After the adjectives same, very, and all; 

" " interrogative pronoun who; 

" " indefinite it; 

" adjectives in the superlative degree. 

11. Who represents persons; 

Which ' ' brute animals and things ; 
That " persons, animals, and things; 

What " things. 

12. This and that, these and those, the one and the other, sometimes refer to 

things previously mentioned : 

That, those, and the one refer to the first mentioned; 
This, these, and the other refer to the last mentioned. 

Adjective Cautions. 

1. An and a mean one : 

Before a vowel sound, use a?i ; 
Before a consonant sound, use a. 

2. An and a limit nouns ; the distinguishes nouns : 

An and a limit a noun to one thing of a class — to any one ; 
The distinguishes — 1. One thing or several things from others. 
2. One class of things from other classes. 

3. Use a, an, or the before each connected adjective, modifying different nouns 

expressed or understood ; 

Don't use a, an, or the, when connected adjectives modify the same 
noun. 

4. Repeat a, an, or the before connected nouns, when they are to be distinguished 

or emphasized. 

5. Use a few and a little in opposition to none ; 

Vse/ew when opposed to many, little when opposed to much. 

6. In using adjectives : — 

1. Have them apt ; 

2. Avoid needless adjectives ; 

3. Avoid any that repeat the idea, or exaggerate it ; 

4. Place them just where they are intended to modify : 

When they are in a series and of different rank, place nearest the 

noun the one most-closely modifying it; 
When of the same rank, place them where they will sound best, 

which is generally in the order of their length — the shortest 

first. 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 



Adverb Cautions. 

i. In using adverbs : — 

1. Have them apt ; 

2. Avoid needless adverbs ; 

3. Avoid any that repeat the idea, or exaggerate it ; 

4. Do not use them instead of other forms of expression. 

2. In placing adverbs : — 

1. Let there be no doubt as to what they modify ; 

2. Have regard for the smoothness of sound ; 

3. Let them not be placed between to and the infinitive. 

3. Unless you wish to affirm, do not use two negative words so that they con- 

tradict each other. 

4. Do not use adverbs for adjectives, or adjectives for adverbs. 

Preposition Cautions. 

1. Use apt prepositions. 

2. Avoid needless use of prepositions. 

3. Avoid omitting needed prepositions. 

Conjunction Cautions. 

1 . The following connectives stand in correlation with other words ; let the 

right words stand in correlation, and stand where they belong : 

1. And — both; 9. When — then; 

2. As — as; 10. Or — "Whether; 

3. As — so; 11. That — so; 

4. As — such; 12. The — the; 

5. Though — yet; 13. Where — there; 

6. If— then ; 14. But — not only ; 

7. Nor — neither; 15.' But also — not only; 

8. Or — either; 16. But likewise — not only. 

2. Choose apt connectives ; 
Avoid needless connectives. 

3. Connected words or phrases referring to other words or phrases, should each 

make good sense with what is referred to. 

4. Than usually follows adjectives and adverbs expressing comparison, and 

else, other, otherwise, rather ; but or besides may follow else, other, and 
more, if they imply something additional but not different in kind. 

Observe these Directions in Writing Possessive Forms. 

1. Use ['s] to form the possessive singular of nouns. 

Use [ ' ] only to form the possessive plural of nouns, when they end in [s] ; 
Use ['s] to form the possessive plural of nouns not ending in [s]. 

2. Although in prose it should seldom occur, yet the [s] in the possessive 

singular is sometimes omitted to avoid an unpleasant succession of hiss- 
ing sounds. 

3. To distinguish the possessive plural from the singular of nouns whose 

singular and plural are alike, some place the apostrophe after the [s]. 

4. All groups of words treated as compound names add the possessive sign to 

the last word. 

5. A phrase introduced by of often takes the place of the possessive case form. 

1. Of is oftener used than ['s] to denote the source from which a 
thing proceeds. 



GRAMMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



2. ['s] is used chiefly with names of persons, animals, and things per- 
sonified ; but the possessive sign is often used : 
i . With things that are often personified ; 

2. " " " we wish to dignify ; 

3. " names of periods of time. 

6. When several possessive nouns modify the same word, the possessive sign 

is added to the last word only ; if they modify different words expressed 
or understood, it is added to each ; when the different possessors are 
thought of as separate or opposed, the sign is often repeated. 

7. When the, an, or a precedes the possessive, the sign is repeated. 

8. When a possessive noun has an explanatory modifier, add the sign to the 

explanatory modifier only ; but the possessive noun takes the sign, 
when the explanatory modifier is long, or when there is more than one. 

9. When a proper noun has a common noun as explanatory modifier, and the 

name of the thing possessed is omitted, the possessive sign may be 
added to the proper noun, or to the explanatory modifier ; when the 
thing possessed is named, the noun directly preceding it takes the sign. 

10. Secure smoothness and clearness in constructing sentences ; if the possess- 

ive sign will not permit this, use phrases in place of it. 

11. Ambiguity may often be prevented by changing the assumed subject of a 

participle to a possessive. 

Case Forms of Pronouns. 

1. Use /, we, thou, ye, he, she, they, who : — ■ 

1. As subject ; 

2. As attribute complement ; 

3. Independently; 

4. As attribute complement of a participle or infinitive whose assumed 

subject is a possessive ; 

5. As attribute complement of a participle or infinitive used independ- 

ently ; 

2. Use me, us, thee, him, her, them, whom: — 

1. As object complement ; 

2. As principal word in a prepositional phrase ; 

3. As objective complement ; 

4. As indirect object ; 

3. When pronouns are explanatory modifiers, give them the same case as the 

word explained. 

4. When pronouns are attribute complements of participles or infinitives, give 

them the same case as the words to which they relate as attributes. 

Construction of Comparatives and Superlatives. 

1. In comparisons, avoid comparing a thing with itself. 

2. In using the superlative degree, let the latter term include the former. 

3. Avoid double comparatives and double superlatives. 

4. Avoid comparing adjectives whose meaning will not admit of different 

degrees. 

5. When adjectives denoting one, or more than one, are joined to nouns, 

the adjective and the noun must agree in number. 

6. A numeral denoting more than one may be prefixed to a singular noun 

to form a compound adjective. 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 7 

Use of the Subjunctive Mode. 

i. In conditional or concessive clauses, use the indicative mode: 
i. When the action or being is assumed as a fact; 
2. When uncertainty lies merely in the speaker's knowledge of the 
fact. 

2. Use the subjunctive present when the action or being is thought of merely 

as a future contingency. 

3. To express a wish, use the subjunctive past of the verb be. 

4. To express a mere supposition which is contrary to the fact, use the 

subjunctive past of the verb be. 



Tense Forms. 

Present tense expresses what is actually present, 
" "is true at all times, 

" " will take place in the future, 

" frequently or habitually takes place, 
describes past or future events as if happening at the time of 
speaking. 
Past tense expresses simply past action or being, 
" a past habit or custom, 

" a future event, 

" present time. 

Future tense expresses simply future action or being, 

" habit or custom as future, or as indefinite in time. 

Present perfect tense expresses action or being as completed at the present 

time ; that is, a period of time (an hour, a year, an 

age) of which the present forms a part, 

expresses action or being to be completed in future time. 

Past perfect tense expresses action or being as completed at some specified 

past time, 
" past time, in conditional or hypothetical clauses. 
Future perfect tense expresses an action as completed at some specified future 
time. 

Use of Will and Would, and Shall and Should. 

1. When the will of the subject controls the action, use will or would. 

2. When external influences control the subject, use shall or should. 

3. To express mere futurity, the following is the proper form : 

I shall speak We shall speak 

Thou wilt speak, or You will speak 

You will speak They will speak. 

He, She, It will speak. 
Forms — 1. I will speak — a promise or determination is here expressed, the 
will of the subject controls the action. 

2. You shall speak, He shall speak — a promise is here made that 

others speak, or a determination is expressed that the action 
of speaking will be forced upon these persons, — the actors are 
here under external influences. 

3. Shall I speak? — the speaker places himself under the will of 

another, which is external influence! 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 



4. Will I go ? is absurd, as the speaker here asks himself what his 

own will is. 

5. The principles that apply to shall and will, apply also to should 

and would; should and would express futurity as to past time. 

Forms for Number and Person — Verbs. 

1. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

2. Use a plural verb with a collective noun, if the individuals of the collec- 

tion are thought of; otherwise, use a singular verb. 

3. Subjects connected by and require a plural verb, except — 

1. When these connected subjects are different names for the same 

thing. 

2. When these connected subjects name several things taken as one 

whole. 

3. When each, every, or no, precedes connected subjects. 

4. When the subjects are emphatically distinguished; in this case, 

the verb agrees with the first subject only. 

5. When as well as connects the subjects. 

6. When one subject is affirmative, and the other negative; in this 

case the verb agrees with the affirmative. 

7. When the connected subjects follow the verb, and are to be 

emphasized ; in this case, the verb agrees with the subject 
that stands nearest. 

4. Singular subjects connected by or or nor, require a singular verb. 

5. When connected subjects have different numbers or persons, the verb 

agrees with the nearest. 

6. When a singular and a plural subject are used, place the plural subject 

next to verb. 

7. In confessing a fault, the speaker mentions himself first; on all other 

occasions, last. 

8. Subjects requiring different forms of the verb take the verb with each 

subject. 

Forms for Number and Person — Pronouns. 

A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, number, and gender. 
Note— Rules from 2 to 8 under forms for number and person of verbs, 
apply to pronouns also. 



PRONOUN CAUTIONS. 

i. Never use pronouns needlessly. 

2. " " the two kinds of pronouns in addressing a person. 

3. " " them for those. 

4. " " what for the conjunction that. 

5. " " the antecedent of -what. 

6. " "a pronoun whose reference to an antecedent is not clear. 

7. Place the adjective clause as near as possible to the word it modifies. 

8. When several connected adjective clauses are used in the same sentence, use the same relative pronoun. 

9. When the adjective clause is not restrictive, generally use -who or -which, and not that. 

10. Use that, and not -who or -which : 

1. When the antecedent names both persons and things ; 

2. After the adjectives same, very, and all ; 

" " interrogative pronoun -who; 

" " indefinite it; 

" adjectives in the superlative degree. 

11. Who represents persons ; 

Which " brute animals and things ; 
That " persons, animals, and things ; 

What " things. 

12. This and that, these and those, the one and the other, sometimes refer to things previously mentioned : 

That, those, and the one refer to the first mentioned ; 
This, these, and the other refer to the last mentioned. 

EXERCISE I. 

Under the First Pour Pronoun Cautions, tell what is incorrect 

in these sentences, and why. 

1. Thou hast prospered, but you have not improved thy manners. 2. 
Instruction had not yet so prevailed over habit, but what they wondered to 
see themselves unnoticed by the crowds. 3. The water it sparkled in the 
sunshine. 4. Esteem thyself and you will succeed. 5. The ass it knoweth 
its crib. 6. I cannot doubt but what praiseworthy motives made her 
capable of beholding death. 7. Your weakness is excusable, but thy wicked- 
ness is not. 8. God he will punish the wicked. 9. You cannot always 
have youth within thy grasp. 10. No man's life is so unalterably fixed 
but what a thousand accidents may befall him. 11. The bee it is a 
faithful worker. 12. Tell them bo} T s to be still. 13. Bring me them articles. 
14. Thou art my brother, or I should reprove you. 15. Which of them 
three works best? 16. They seem to have no other wish for the little 
girl, but what she may have a fair skin, dress well, and dance to admiration. 
17. Have you observed them stars? 18. The empress she ratified the treaty. 
19. It cannot be doubted but what there is a great desire of glory in a ring 
of wrestlers. 20. Look among them papers. 

EXERCISE II. 

Under the Second Four Pronoun Cautions, tell what is incorrect 

in these sentences, and why. 

1. She saw her friend while she was standing at her gate. 2. Pictures 
smell only of paint that resemble flowers. 3. The horse which I bought 
and that has been lately sold was injured. 4. Fear is a passion what is 
deeply-rooted. 5. Charles asked his brother to take his hat from his closet. 
6. To know that what lies before us in daily life is true wisdom. 7. The 
book which I am reading and what is so well-bound is a present. 8. The 
elephant ate the bread that has a long trunk. 9. Nature can please only 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 



those tastes what are refined. 10. The curiosities which he brought and 
that are so rare have been sold. n. He ordered the waiter to have his 
boots polished before he left his room. 12. Manner is the enamel what is 
put upon the gold of character. 13. The man was arrested by the officer 
who committed the awful deed. 14. The mother told the daughter to get 
her gown that she might go to her friend's. 15. A youth delivers a worn- 
out body to old age that is sensual and intemperate. 16. My friend is dead 
who was here and that entertained us so well. 17. The lessons which we 
learn in youth and that we particularly like remain with us. 18. What I 
have bought they came yesterday. 19. Frederic the Great was the grandson 
of George I. of England, his mother being his daughter. 20. This food is 
not sufficient for the man that nourishes the infant. 

EXERCISE III. 

Under the Z,ast Four Pronoun Cautions, tell what is incorrect 

in these sentences, and why. 

1. This is the same man whom we saw before. 2. The robin who 
appears in April. 3. Reason resembles the fire concealed in the flint, that 
shows itself only when struck by the steel. 4. Edison is the most re- 
markable inventor who ever lived. 5. Who is she who comes beautiful 
as the sun? 6. It is you who commands. 7. Cares, that are the keys 
of riches, often hang heavy at the rich man's girdle. 8. Robert Hoe was 
the first person who set up a cylinder press in this country. 9. All which 
I have is thine. 10. That is the very act which I spoke of. 11. Milton 
afterwards gives us a description of the morning, that is well-suited to a 
divine poem. 12. Wolsey was probably the greatest political genius whom 
England ever possessed. 13. Who who has common sense can think so ? 14. 
Zelotes were pious men among the Jews, that imposed upon themselves the 
task of killing those what broke the Mosaic Law. 15. This large horse 
whom my father imported. 16. The old crab who advised the young one. 
17. Vanity and ambition are wrong: the one displays itself in love of place; 
the other, in love of show. 18. He should imitate Caesar, that hid his 
bald head by covering it with laurels. 19. All which live must die. 20. 
Sincerity and knowledge are laudable possessions : that often makes men 
admired; this, always esteemed. 21. He spoke of the men and things 
which he had seen. 22. The selfish and the benevolent are found in every 
community ; these are shunned, while those are sought after. 23. Was 
it thou or the wind who shut the door? 24. Every teacher loves a pupil 
which is docile. 25. Virtue and vice are before us: this is the parent of 
happiness both temporal and eternal ; that, of disgrace and ignominy. 26. The 
wife and fortune whom he gained did not aid him. 27. Charles XII. and 
Peter the Great were sovereigns : the one was hated by the people ; the other 
was loved. 28. It was not I who shut it. 29. Affectation is a sprout who 
should be nipped in the bud. 30. Did you make the same mistake which 
I corrected? 

EXERCISE IV. 

Review of Work under the Twelve Pronoun Cautions. Tell what 

is incorrect in these sentences, and why. 

1. I cannot tell but what I will buy some of them stocks. 2. Mary de- 
lights to tease her sister, when she tells her things she knows will annoy her, 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. n 

if she speaks to her of them. 3. I took them apples from the closet. 4. The 
officer ordered the captive to bring up his boots and arms. 5. The peaches 
were given to the boys that were rotten. 6. The man what keeps that 
store is sick. 7. The cock told the diamond that, if his master had found 
it, he would have valued it. 8. Here comes the horse what won the race. 
9. The flowers whom John bought are faded. 10. He did not know but 
what he would buy it. 11. He asked me to tell him to bring his hat to 
him. 12. It is the man who sold the horse. 13. He saw two men, that 
he engaged at once. 14. The ship sank which was anchored off the coast 
and that was so much admired. 15. I was in the same class in which he 
was. 16. Mary went into the girl's house and got her hat. 17. Who is 
the man who is waiting at the door ! 18. The women stood on the bridge, 
which they knew was unsafe. 19. We bought two pictures of garden scenes 
that are very old. 20. This is the dog who bit me. 21. The squirrel 
whom I caught gave me a long run. 22. I do not say but what them 
boys will be examined. 23. The dog lay on the steps that bit the girL 
24. The ship is anchored in the bay, that is a good place for it. 25. It is 
the lunatic who attacked me. 26. The horse who threw its rider afterwards 
broke his leg. 27. The man which you saw is the very man who stole 
my money. 28. Marion he ,was near-sighted and deaf. 29. He asked him 
whether his brother could fill his place. 30. Both the men and the women 
were terrified : these were ordered to the front ; those, to their homes. 31. The 
master told the servant to have his dinner ready. 32. The man and the 
horse who were seen in the streets were killed by the engine. 33. You 
should not spend thy money too freely. 34. It is the very boy whom we 
saw skating. 35. The picture was bought by a friend that was painted by 
Correggio. 36. The flowers grew in the garden which decorated the graves. 
37. This is the same case which I asked to buy. 38. Gen. Grant who 
commanded during The Rebellion and that was President, died in 1885. 
29. This is the same man whom the people saw in the park. 40. Oranges 
and apples are fruits : the one grows in the Temperate Zone ; the other, in 
the Torrid. 41. I do not doubt but what trouble will ensue. 42. I bought 
all them pictures them people saw. 43. John he gave me them books to 
read. 44. The bread was eaten by the bird that was stale. 45. The man 
struck the woman who is a carpenter. 46. Mary said she was not worth 
the money paid to her. 47. The baby and the coach who fell overboard 
were lost. 48. That is the only thing what I object to. 49. The horse 
fell from the bridge that w r on the race. 50. All the things were for the 
house which we saw. 

EXERCISE V. 

In this Second Review under Pronoun Cautions Twelve Sentences 

are correct. Tell what is incorrect in the remainder, and why. 

1. The man who was arrested and that escaped has been recaptured. 
2. Who can tell but what we are doomed? 3. I cannot say but what I 
will discharge them boys. 4. The men, and the boys who were very bois- 
terous, were put out. 5. These are the men that degrade the service. 
6. The horse he stood on the bridge. 7. I told thee he would punish you. 
8. He asked my father if he could go to the house to see my cousin. 9. All 
the people that we have met are Mongolian. 10. The ship lost her rudder, 
that was a great disaster. 11. The stag broke his neck which was butting 
the fence. 12. If you cannot find the book, you will be punished. 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 



13. William and I we each bought a bicycle. 14. The man that was 
injured is expected to die. 15. The dog whom I bought has disappeared. 
16. It is the day which he appointed. 17. It is the very hat which I 
wanted. 18. The boy that studies carefully finds that he learns much. 

19. The horse is in the stable which won the race and that looks so savage. 

20. The lion that they caught and which they removed has died. 21. The 
children and the furniture which were in the house were destroyed. 22. Epics 
and elegies are poems : these are mournful ; those, historical. 23. Daniel 
Webster was the statesman what argued against States Rights. 24. The 
city is on a river which is built on a bluff. 25. I took him with me that 
I disliked. 26. All the men whom we met were laborers. 27. The man 
is here whom we wish to hire and that you sent for. 28. The men and 
the horses which were nearly starved made a pitiable appearance. 29. This 
is the fox who has been killing the chickens. 30. John is a boy who is 
honest and that can be trusted. 31. You are wrong and thou knowst it. 
32. I told thee whom thou wouldst meet. 33. He ate those turnips. 
34. Them people are too noisy. 35. My father and I we went to the theater. 
36. All the people who were there began to laugh. 37. The savers and 
the spenders make the world : these are support of their country ; those, 
the laugh of their fellows. 38. The child it was sick and we sent for the 
doctor. 39. The child who was lost and who could not be found has 
returned. 40. The man which you see out walking every morning is a 
close student. 41. Virtue and vice are before us : this brings happiness ; 
that, disgrace. 42. It is the largest vessel which has ever been built. 
43. He punished William, who is my brother. 44. It was David, the father 
of Solomon, who slew Goliath. 45. I trimmed the sails of the ships which 
were very long. 46. There is the man which gave me the tickets. 47. The 
boy and the dog which we met in the road are inseparable companions. 
48. Even the animals who seek his protection find it. 49. He is the best 
speaker whom I ever heard. 50. The dog flew at the cat when it passed 
his house. 

ADJECTIVE CAUTIONS. 

1. An and a mean one : 

Before a vowel sound, use an ; 
Before a consonant sound, use a. 

2. An and a limit nouns ; the distinguishes nouns : 

An and a limit a noun to one thing- of a class — to any one ; 
The distinguishes — i. One thing or several things from others. 
2. One class of things from other classes. 

3. Use a, an, or the before each connected adjective, modifying different nouns expressed or understood ; 

Don't use a, an, or the, when connected adjectives modify the same noun. 

4. Repeat a, an, or the before connected nouns, when they are to be distinguished or emphasized. 

5. Use a few and a little in opposition to none ; 

Use/t'7t/ when opposed to many, little when opposed to much. 

6. In using adjectives: — 

t. Have them apt; 

2. Avoid needless adjectives ; 

3. Avoid any that repeat the idea, or exaggerate it ; 

4. Place them just where they are intended to modify : 

When they are in a series and of different rank, place nearest the noun the one most-closely modifying it; 
When of the same rank, place them where they will sound best, which is generally in the order of their 
length— the shortest first. 

EXERCISE VI. 

Under the First Three Adjective Cautions, tell what is incorrect 
in these sentences, and why. 

1. Geometry is a branch of the mathematics. 2. The fourth and fifth 
verse. 3. The fourth and the fifth verses. 4. Cromwell received the title 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 13 

of a Protector. 5. Neither the rules nor examples are correct. 6. Does 
Peru border on the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean ? 7. Should a boy be called 
a master? 8. What is the difference between the old and new method. 
9. Cleon was another sort of a man. 10. The Alleghany and the Mononga- 
hela rivers form the Ohio. n. The path of truth is an plain and an safe 
one. 12. He is styled an marquis. 13. The light and the worthless kernels 
will float. 14. I rejoice that there is another and an better world. 15. The 
love is an passion with some men. 16. I looked for some such a answer. 
17. The sixth and tenth have an close resemblance. 18. He was influenced 
by both an just and generous principle. 19. The chief magistrate is called 
a President. 20. A great and an good man looks beyond time. 21. Were 
God to raise up another such a man as Moses. 22. They made but a weak 
and a ineffectual resistance. 23. He fully deserved the name of a traitor. 
24. The book was read by the old and young. 25. What sort of an animal 
is an oyster? 

EXERCISE VII. 
Under the Z,ast Three Adjective Cautions, tell what is incorrect 
in these sentences, and why. 
1. Truth is the foundation of all knowledge and cement of all society. 
2. What an awful rain we had ! 3. I gave the child few pennies and 
little candy. 4. Mary is both lovable and amiable. 5. Essential and 
great advantages accrue to society from the freedom of the press. 6. Men 
know the effects of many things but causes of few. 7. I have an exquisite 
peach. 8. A little was said or done about it. 9. A little of this world's 
goods, will satisfy a man with a few desires. 10. Industry has the fairest 
fruits and richest rewards. 11. He has many good virtues. 12. Industri- 
ous and frugal men are commonly friendly to the government. 13. Men 
take credit for the good and attribute bad to misfortune. 14. A red keg 
of wine. 15. I thought to shoot many birds but brought a few. 16. I 
have little money yet in my purse. 17. An old set of china. 18. Although 
he studied much he learned a little. 19. Cloudy, short, dreary autumn days 
have come. 20. A proverb is the wit of one, and wisdom of many. 21. The 
party was fatigued and very tired. 22. After much searching ' he at last 
found few sticks. 23. Behold these verdant green fields ! 24. Flattery 
corrupts the receiver and giver. 25. A deformed and mean body may 
enclose a virtuous and great soul. 26. I still found few people in the street. 
27. This is a kind and benevolent old man. 28. Self-love exaggerates the 
faults as well as virtues. 29. Ichabod rode shaggy, ewe-necked, gaunt, 
hammer-headed Gunpowder. 30. You pay frightful prices for clothing. 

EXERCISE VIII. 

Review of work under the Six Adjective Cautions; tell what is 

incorrect in these sentences, and why. 

1. I saw a few, but not many. 2. They expected much danger where 
there was an little. 3. Horse is a noble animal. 4. He had littler money 
than I thought. 5. He has bought an wooden box of penholders. 6. He 
had taken the book and slate from my store. 7. They said I would have 
no pleasure, but I had little. 8. The boys and girls are going together. 
9. I do not wish to use this fine liquor, but you may have little. 10. He 
bought an case of wine for that supper, but an little was drunk. 11. I 
rode an gentle and balky horse. 12. The oranges were quite good, only 



i 4 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

few being rotten. 13. The pupil studied much, but learned a little. 14. The 
faithfulness is an great virtue. 15. Brave, few, intelligent, restless, energetic 
people are sometimes found. 16. Oyster is an bivalve. 17. The colonists 
laid out a long and a broad street. 18. I read a long and short story. 

19. You will find a good description in the fifth and seventh chapter. 

20. She wore an blue indigo dress. 21. The drover bought many cows, 
but sold a few. 22. I will buy an large black thick heavy overcoat. 23. An 
corporal and private accidently caught a spy and deserter. 24. The green 
and tasteless fruits will not be picked. 25. The two men and three women 
were exiled. 26. They say he owns the fewest property of any. 27. She 
painted a gorgeous picture. 28. John shot a large and small bird. 29. He 
had great hopes, but I gave him a little encouragement. 30. Did you buy 
a stub box of pens? 31. The sailors and cattle swam with all their force. 
32. Churlish dirty cold five the small rooms. 33. This is an adventurous 
house. 34. His sons speak horrible English. 35. He was commonly 
called a bummer. 36. He struck me with a piece of hard iron. 37. More 
forcible an simpler rule was never given. 38. A little good will come from 
his efforts, although he expects great results. 39. The mankind was made 
by God. 40. She makes exquisite coffee. 41. It was a wide broad box. 
42. All the boys started in the walk, but a few completed it. 43. A noisy 
and an boisterous man began the trouble. 44. The blue sky was over- 
shadowed by the dark clouds. 45. Mr. Edison has been made a Count. 
46. There were many complaints against the man ; nevertheless, he stole a 
little money. 47. He writes a splendid letter. 48. The sheep are gentle 
animals. 49. It is near the first or second bend of the river. 50. William 
has less apples than Mary. 

EXERCISE IX. 

In this Second Review under Adjective Cautions, Twelve Sen- 
tences are correct; tell what is incorrect in the 
remainder, and why. 

1. Much persuasion was used, but little would have sufficed. 2. There 
were many boys in the school, but we saw only a few. 3. We caught several 
dark tiny singing poor blue-birds. 4. The dog resembled his master, who 
was a lazy and a bad man. 5. The fine and the large pears have been 
very scarce. 6. A young man traveled through the country on horseback. 
7. He gave a long and a tiresome sermon. 8. Blue French this all good 
rich silk will soon be sold. 9. The horse is more intelligent than cow. 
10. Why did you study the ninth and eleventh line? n. All fat three 
these little Englishmen have just come to the country. 12. He is an 
youthful boy. 13. Being pledged to drink nothing, he still took few glasses 
on that eventful night. 14. He is a studious and diligent boy. 15. The 
men and the boys have taken different directions. 16. Beautiful most the 
hunting-case gold watch was given away. 17. Old rough those hilly crooked 
several roads should be repaired. 18. He said it during an interview with 
the chief. 19. The beggar demanded much money but I gave him little. 

20. The Stamp Act and Navigation Acts made American colonists indignant. 

21. The pronunciation and the arithmetic lessons were not prepared. 22. He 
has the least knowledge of all the boys in this room. 23. The electric and 
steam cars run along the street in that city. 24. He needed a little assist- 
ance, but he received much. 25. A bright or good-natured boy will generally 
succeed. 26. The cities and large towns elect a mayor and a council. 27. He 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 15 

has the littlest money of us all. 28. This is a passenger and a freight boat. 
29. The child eats much ; still, he gains a little flesh. 30. Old very a 
marble clock was bought. 31. I own less land than my brother. 32. A 
yell was uttered by the man, before he died. 33. We bought all the stone 
and the brick houses. 34. Do you want the green or black cloth ? 35. This 
fruit is not very ripe, but you may eat little. 36. You are a mean, low 
hypocrite, if you mean what you say. 37. The teacher said no problems 
were correct, but I thought few were. 38. The whirlpool drew the ships 
and canoes under the surface of the water. 39. The St. Bernard and New- 
foundland dog won the prizes. 40. The dealer wished to buy many horses, 
but could get only few. 41. This book has the least amount of inform- 
ation in it. 42. Both the large and small men will be taken, if healthy. 
43. We crossed a wide and rough river. 44. Can you distinguish a goat 
from sheep? 45. I have a blue thick useful coat. 46. A yacht is a fast- 
sailing vessel. 47. Heavy young white seven clean Arabian horses have 
been imported. 48. He trod upon an ugly snake. 49. I have found the 
least specimens to show you. 50. A skirmish is a small fight. 

EXERCISE X. 

Sentences violating Cautions under Pronouns and Adjectives — 

Might are Correct, tell what is incorrect in the 

remainder, and why. 

1. Charles ordered his brother to get his books and clean the cellar, 
which was his work. 2. He has the least trunks of the company. 3. There 
are many persons whom, when you know them well, you care little for them. 
4. The fish are not amphibious. 5. I gave him fewer letters to sign. 6. 
I cannot say but what them boys will go. 7. An earl gave me the jewel. 

8. He was awakened by the bell, which was always annoying to him. 

9. The teachers and scholars went to the picnic. 10. The sun it is bright 
to-day. 11. James is the very person for whom I was looking. 12. He 
is to buy a black pot of paint. 13. There are the least horses in this stable. 

14. Charles said to George, "Have you seen my friend since his return?" 

15. James said to Harry, "I shall not think of you." 16. The army slew 
the Indians and French. 17. An author has the choice of his own thoughts 
and words, that a translator has not. 18. The wind blew down the house 
which tore up the trees. 19. The dog is the wisest of its species. 20. The 
soldier he accidentally shot his comrade. 21. The lion flew at the monkeys 
and baboons. 22. You were there the very night which I met you. 23. 
Two lazy these rough black greasy African laughing negroes were severely 
whipped. 24. He is a tall bright fat stout boy. 25. The President and 
Secretary have gone fishing and gunning. 26. This is the statue which I 
spoke of and that is so valuable. 27. Did you get that expensive red old 
Indian blanket? 28. Large expensive many beautiful these precious jewels 
will ornament the crown. 29. Julius, that is my servant, understands 
astronomy. 30. The boy who broke the glass and that was arrested 
promised to pay for it. 31. I have bought the house as well as land. 
32. Who is the man who sold the house? 33. Old the tall tenth square 
stately pillar will be shipped to America. 34. The horse was tied to a post 
that was very vicious. 35. The boy and the man were arrested : the one 
was sent to a refuge ; the other, to jail. 36. I knew your thoughts when 
thou wast speaking to him. 37. To-morrow will be a cold and a damp day. 
38. The man is building the fence that broke our ladder. 39. The pen- 



1 6 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

manship is a tedious exercise. 40. The ship was named Nellie which you 
saw in the bay. 41. The day and night watchman live in this house. 
42. They were attacked by the Indians and the French who fought in the 
way of Indians. 43. An Unitarian has just arrived. 44. It is the money 
which I expect to get which makes me so uneasy. 45. He owns the 
least lots of any of the share-holders. 46. He plays with the dog which 
is injurious. 47. A rickety old man was found in the streets. 48. James 
is very puerile and childish. 49. A man is the person which we desire. 
50. The man who died last week was innocent of the crime. 

ADVERB CAUTIONS. 

1. In using adverbs : — 

1. Have them apt; 

2. Avoid needless adverbs ; 

3. Avoid any that repeat the idea, or exaggerate it ; 

4. Do not use them instead of other forms of expression. 

2. In placing adverbs :— 

1. Let there be no doubt as to what they modify ; 

2. Have regard for the smoothness of sound ; 

3. Let them not be placed between to and the infinitive. 

3. Unless you wish to affirm, do not use two negative words so that they contradict each other. 

4. Do not use adverbs for adjectives, or adjectives for adverbs. 

EXERCISE XI. 

Under the Four Adverb Cautions, tell what is incorrect in these 
sentences, and why. 

1. To generously forgive becomes a man. 2. The boys were dressed 
neatly. 3. None of the hands did no work. 4. His voice is remarkable 
sweet. 5. The woman spoke like a scholar. 6. He looks like he is sick. 
7. He spoke of visiting him constantly, but never went. 8. The prisoner 
would not remain soberly. 9. Some children stand awkwardly. 10. He 
removed the sign away. 11. I only see him once in a great while. 12. He 
wishes to always fight. 13. The patient died frightfully. 14. Gas burns 
brightly. 15. Do keep quietly. 16. The scaffolding was illy put up. 17. 
Near all the railroads are blocked. 18. The picture hangs crookedly. 
19. The eggs were dyed greenly. 20. The boy was called slyly. 21. Tyr- 
anny is where the government is under the sway of a tyrant. 22. The 
infant did not lie easily. 23. I am constantly and unceasingly annoyed 
by him. 24. Much cotton was not destroyed in the fire. 25. Our boys 
played immensely. 26. The pupils were told to slowly and carefully work. 
27. All the boys on the grounds were not students. 28. Much good work 
sometimes has been done. 29. He eats superfluously. 30. The children 
will be dressed gaudily. 31. I am accustomed to openly speak. 32. The 
man still feels weakly. 33. He worked like as he did not love it. 34. The 
birds have again appeared now. 35. To valiantly fight for one's country 
is heroic. 36. The boys dived down into the water. 37. Recently many 
emigrants landed. 38. All stories are not to be believed. 39. Blood-heat 
is when the heat is the same degree as that of the blood. 40. They were 
stopped only from their intentions by the police. 41. I have even pardoned 
murderers. 42. It was an awful bad day. 43. The pupils stood up. 44. All 
the men that I saw were not mechanics. 45. I polished the stove brightly. 
46. The man was illy treated by the contestants. 47. A naval battle is 
where two war vessels fight. 48. Do not look unhappily. 49. I heard 
the sound distinct. 50. Nobody lends him nothing. 



GRAMMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



EXERCISE XII. 

In this Second Review under Adverb Cautions Six Sentences are 
correct. Tell what is incorrect in the remainder, and why. 

i. He was most surprised. 2. The roof fell down with a crash. 3. I 
never said he was doing nothing. 4. His brother looks brightly. 5. Almost 
all persons dislike the quarrelsome. 6. The men lay quietly in death. 7. He 
chiefly buys goods from me. 8. Neither John nor James could not study 
a lesson. 9. The maid kept the house clean. 10. I do not speak neither 
French nor German. it. The cannon-ball traveled swiftly to the fort. 12. I 
am pretty well. 13. Can you make the case clear? 14. Truth to be loved 
only need to be seen. 15. He walks like he was lame. 16. I reported 
how we had been annoyed by the natives. 17. This house was quickly and 
speedily built. 18. Pupils should cheerfully always obey. 19. A man can 
only reach honor through virtue. 20. The girl sings continual. 21. That 
dog barks ceaselessly. 22. Your fire burns horribly. 23. The master doubt- 
less will be informed. 24. The contest pluckily was continued through. 
25. I do not consider that the charges are not true. 26. Every tale is not 
to be believed that is told. 27. The doctor will be there present. 28. We 
trudged up the hill slowly. 29. The hat was kept newly. 30. The office 
will early be closed hereafter. 31. He isn't good for none of our work. 
32. The music sounds harshly. 33. The lecturer has near finished. 34. That 
ere carriage must not be made like a wheelbarrow. 35. The good must even 
die. 36. Most men become weakly in age. 37. The old man soon became 
like a lion in rage. 38. To patiently bear suffering is the characteristic of 
a great mind. 39. It is a horribly cold day. 40. The boy only studied his 
lessons in the morning. 41. I will come now immediately. 42. I bought 
it for a mere nominal sum. 43. No goods will not be removed. 44. He 
is cutting my hair off. 45. He scarcely does any work. 46. He tries to 
steadily study. 47. I said how that you had assisted me. 48. The cottage 
was painted whitely. 49. Bad habits seldom are overcome. 

EXERCISE XIII. 

Some of the following sentences are correct; give the cautions 

under Adjectives and Adverbs which the other 

sentences violate, and correct. 

1. The rain fell slanting. 2. The general entered the city triumphant. 
3. I sold the house cheap. 4. These red berries are like little marbles. 
5. You thought him dishonest. 6. Get into that ere wagon. 7. Her face 
shines radiantly. 8. The screen was part hand-painted. 9. Your son is 
growing stoutly. 10. Every animal in the cage seems like a cat. 11. A 
quandary is when a person is perplexed. 12. The child sleeps peacefully. 
13. We took a little candy, as there was not much. 14. I did not think 
he would stay, but he did few minutes. 15. The little girl sits quietly, but 
her clothes look dirtily. 16. He looks like a soldier, but he walks like a 
dancing-master. 17. He planned a escape and was most through. 18. Can 
you not say that he is not deceptive? 19. A sly-boots is when a person 
is cunning, or sty. 20. White snow covered eve^thing. 21. The man 
lives soberly, but scolds excessively. 22. I seldom or rarely see my brother. 
23. This species is called an seal. 24. The doctor lived quietly, and could 
sail his yacht magnificently. 25. Frank has hired the young and the bright 
boys. 26. I expressly bought the fruit for you. 27. To love and be wise 



GRAMMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



seldom is even granted to the gods. 28. The soldiers seemed stupidly but 
died bravely. 29. A tremendous frost fell during the night. 30. Whoever 
charges excessive interest is an usurer. 31. Arthur climbed up the tree. 
32. I particularl}'- visit that house. 33. The member spoke occasionally, 
but not often. 34. The prince hung helplessly by his hair. 35. The light 
shines brightly through the window. 36. We took the long and wide wagons 
from the barn. 37. We ascended up an exceeding steep hill. 38. He has 
some excessive mean ways. 39. He offered me the bottle of wine, but I 
needed only a little. 40. His house is remarkable well-built. 41. It was 
a costly and elegant picture which he bought. 42. There was a fight between 
the privateer and schooner. 43. You have no apples in your orchard ; we 
have very few. 44. That was a long and furious storm which passed over 
this town. 45. By occasions are great men only made. 46. John dances 
awkwardly and ungracefully. 47. The wind blew fiercely that night. 48. 
He teases me everlastingly. 49. I could illy attend the party. 

PREPOSITION CAUTIONS. 

1. Use apt prepositions. 

2. Avoid needless use of prepositions. 

3. Avoid omitting needed prepositions. 

EXERCISE XIV. 

Under the Three Preposition Cautions, tell what is incorrect in 
these sentences, and why. 

I. Where did you study all this goodly speech at? 2. The church is 
in need for much money. 3. They are in favor to the amendment. 4. I put 
a coat around about his shoulders. 5. The master will doubtless be informed 
it. 6. He sighted the cape on June 15, and then sailed north for 500 miles. 

7. Your brother's experience will give you many advantages of the others. 

8. I have forborne from mentioning even honorable authors. 9. I will be 
there in about an hour. 10. John is ang^ at Joseph. it. You have the 
advantage over me, for I cannot recall your name. 12. Charles stood near 
to the platform. 13. The steeple was the height of a tree. 14. Put a 
partition between each horse. 15. Will you speak with the prisoner? 16. 
The girl is not with an amiable disposition. 17. They must be insensible 
to our being here. 18. He can count up to sixty. 19. He will look about 
my affairs while I am away. 20. Virtue selects of neither house nor fortune. 
21. You should daily communicate to him. 22. The petition will be pre- 
sented at about ten o'clock. 23. You caught on to the back of the wagon. 
24. The work will be done from your suggestions. 25. Stand a man between 
every tree. 26. All the horses were sold you. 27. Divide the grass between 
the three horses. 28. He is involved into trouble. 29. John is liberal 
with his money. 30. We all object the propositions. 31. God has only 
lent to man his life. 32. He was dismissed the office. 33. We cannot 
reach high stations without undergoing of some hazard. 34. The man 
became like to a lion in rage. 35. We arrived in a mountain village. 36. 
Compare my writing to his. 37. In what closet is it in ? 38. We were 
admitted in the society. 39. Are you related with this man ? 40. I am 
pledged for his support. 41. The imaginations of young men are a roving 
nature. 42. We thought the hotel would be well kept, but were disappointed 
of it. 43. To what rank will he be raised to ? 44. This reminding me 
your kindness is reproving of me. 45. She had interrupted my repose din- 
ning in my ear such annoyances. 46. The lord was years in attendance to 



GRAMMA TIC A L CA UTIONS. 



the king. 47. Where have your sons traveled to ? 48. Salt air will not 
agree to nay health. 49. Take heed of this maxim. 50. He sits his horse 
graceful. 

EXERCISE XV. 

Some of the following sentences are correct; give the cautions 

under pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions which the 

other sentences violate, and correct. 

1. Never send him for no money. 2. They were near to the accident. 
3. The boys hung on to the branch. 4. The top spins around. 5. He 
sneered contemptuously. 6. Even traitors are hateful to the gainers of their 
treason. 7. I never will sell neither the horse nor the colt. 8. The horse 
was harnessed to a buggy that ran away. 9. Long sentences in short 
compositions are like to large rooms in a small house. 10. God looks to 
pure hands and not to full hands. 11. The rat sprang from out of a hole 
in the ground. 12. I do not know but what I would like them chickens. 
. 13. The child fell down. 14. I remained cold. 15. The manager is entire too 
exacting. 16. Without genius, no book is destined a long life. 17. Thomas 
is different to William. 18. He is the man which I do not know. 19. 
Sincerity is the value of knowledge. 20. Suicide is where a man takes his 
own life. 21. I would like to go occasionally. 22. They forced him in 
wickedness. 23. Never make unpleasant remarks. 24. Since the Creation, 
kindness has scarcely known of a defeat. 25. His conduct will not accord 
to his profession. 26. In which class are you in ? 27. These accusations 
are not true I don't believe. 28. I bought artistical-painted pictures. 
29. He sang like his voice was weak. 30. Ascham taught to Queen Elizabeth 
Latin and Greek. 31. He requested him to send his footman. 32. The 
commanders found the fugitives while they were riding over the plain. 
33. The enemy they have advanced. 34. Who is the man who called 
to-day ? 35. The boy attended school on yesterday and to-day. 36. During 
Jefferson's college term, he studied for sixteen hours on each day. 37. A 
blizzard is when a snow-storm is accompanied by hurricane and extreme cold. 
38. James gave his brother scarce a fifth of the property. 39. You must enter 
the room soft. 40. For what crime was he punished for. 41. This is the road 
on to pleasure. 42. Ill winds blew heavily upon Leah. 43. Harry works 
like his brother. 44. He who simply lives for fashion is the poorest emascu- 
lation of his race. 45. The lady said to the maid, "Is my room ready?" 
46. It was given from under the seal of the state. 47. The sailors died 
with scrofula. 48. Excellence is never granted a man but as a reward of 
labor. 49. The dog that was mad and which bit so many people was shot. 
50. Walking on the road which was very rough tired me. 

CONJUNCTION CAUTIONS. 

r. The following- connectives stand in correlation with other words ; let the right words stand in correlation, and stand 
where they belong : 

1. And — both; 5. Though — yet; 9. When— then ; 13. Where — there; 

2. As — as; 6. If— then ; 10. Or— whether ; 14. But— not only; 

3. As — so; 7. Nor — neither; n. That — so; 15. But also— not only ; 

4. As— such; 8. Or — either; 12. The— the ; 16. But likewise — not only. 

2. Choose apt connectives ; 
Avoid needless connectives. 

3. Connected words or phrases referring to other words or phrases, should each make good sense with what is referred to. 

4. Than usually follows adjectives and adverbs expressing comparison, and else, other, otherwise, rather; but or 

besides may follow else, other, and more, if they imply something additional but not different in kind. 



GRAMMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



EXERCISE XVI. 

Under the Four Conjunction Cautions, tell what is incorrect in 

these sentences, and why. 

I. These exercises are careless as the other. 2. Neither Charles or 
Peter deserve the reward. 3. They always have and always did protect 
his rights. 4. He walked otherwise besides on crutches. 5. His sermons 
are something else besides mere words. 6. They would not buy the house 
nor the land. 7. I have not either bought houses nor lands. 8. Do other- 
wise besides helping him. 9. The street is not so broad but longer than 
that. 10. He has no other books but histories. 11. The vessels have not 
left the port either for Peru nor Brazil. 12. They would not admit a doubt 
but he was sane. 13. Our work is not so tedious but more laborious than 
yours. 14. I have more horses than these. 15. They plucked flowers 
both in the woods and the fields. 16. Not only did they speak ill of him 
but of her also. 17. We have seen no other lake but this. 18. The pen 
has shaken nations and which has established the world in peace. 19. The 
men would rather do anything besides sell their houses. 20. Orders were 
sent neither to the general nor the admiral. 21. Wealth is always a snare 
to a man and which causes temptation to others. 22. The men were not 
only punished severely but cruelly. 23. He has both studied French and 
German. 24. Officers have not been appointed either for the army or navy. 
25. In colors, I like something else besides green. 26. No person can 
walk or run without he has legs. 27. He had barely left the room but you 
entered it. 28. They own more houses besides these. 29. The town is 
as large, if not more so, than that. 30. The task was done more skillfully 
but not so rapidly as I desired. 31. There is no person so learned who 
cannot learn more. 32. Will you try and correct your mistakes ? 33. Buy 
such goods only that you can sell. 34. For summer wear, I like something 
else besides black clothes. 35. Nothing lives nor moves without God wills 
it. 36. The boys had scarcely started but a rain came on. 37. The farmer 
not only sold horses but cattle. 38. We could not buy either corn nor wheat. 
39. The first report was as alarming, if not more so, than that. 40. We 
see no one so happy who does not wish for greater happiness. 41. Such 
remarks have been made that will necessitate a lawsuit. 42. Try and arrange 
the matter satisfactorily. 43. Travel gives a man something else besides a 
few sights. 44. He did not speak otherwise but as a determined man. 
45. We had no other alternative but to go on. 46. I cannot say but he 
will be there. 47 Not only have we regained our liberty but our property 
likewise. 48. Like as charity covers a multitude of sins before God, so 
does politeness before men. 49. I often think of William the Conqueror, 
who is only another name for tyranny. 50. The boy could see no other 
children but these. 

EXERCISE XVII. 

Review of Adverb, Preposition and Conjunction Cautions, tell 
what is incorrect in these sentences, and why. 

1. There is a great difference of the two. 2. The assault was made at 
about noon. 3. All the girls appear modestly. 4. His plan was to suddenly 
attack them from the rear. 5. He might do otherwise besides divide the 
money. 6. Nothing never pays so well as honesty. 7. The women neither 
bought gowns nor bonnets. 8. I will strive to accommodate myself with 



GRA MMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



your wishes. 9. Set a post between each garden. 10. Did you get over 
across the ferry? 11. It occurred from by misplacing a word. 12. I felt 
uncomfortably. 13. They must of had a busy day. 14. George was liberal 
with his praises. 15. The lion slept comfortably. 16. Eccentricity may 
be pardoned home, but which is never forgiven in a crowd. 17. You have 
bought scarce enough. 18. You must not get off of the wagon. 19. They 
remained at Philadelphia. 20. The vessel has delayed never yet. 21. No 
man can gain reputation nor fortune without he works. 22. Not only have 
I visited France but Italy also. 23. Never lend no man no books. 24. In 
which ship will you sail in. 25. He was led in bad company. 26. The 
merchants will by and by come. 27. These matters are above from his 
conception. 28. You can rest easily in this arm-chair. 29. There is no 
ingratitude so cutting which is received from friends. 30. The soldiers are 
such that the general likes. 31. I cannot do the work without you send 
me the materials. 32. You should be angry with my meanness. 33. The 
boy writes lovely. 34. A long tunic anciently was worn. 35. He compared 
me with a snake. 36. I prefer other work than house-painting. 37. The 
French neither destroyed the vessels nor wharves. 38. To be only good 
from fear of the law is a slight foundation for innocence. 39. He only is 
six years old. 40. The best pupils are even not considered. 41. I own 
nothing else but land. 42. The men secretly secreted the money. 43. I 
arrived on the same hour he did. 44. The town is the length of a race- 
course. 45. We hoped to ride to-day, but were disappointed in it by the 
rain. 46. No man doubts but that these acts are good. 47. James is not 
so tall but stouter than Frank. 48. They were worried that their friends 
would be injured. 49. I have visited them frequent. 50. We used other 
vehicles besides stage-coaches. 51. Not either Mary nor Philip reigned long. 
52. For what end did he make the journey for? 53. A stile is where steps 
go over a fence. 54. They do not doubt but he is innocent. 55. The 
army captured neither the city nor held the fort. 56. Epitomes are thought 
helpful the memory. 57. Attending of the battle in person did not bring 
to the king victory. 58. I have bought something else besides a house. 
59. These trees have grown highly. 60. Every word that men speak is 
not true. 61. The roses are not only in bloom, but the honeysuckles also. 
62. Your love of study gives you an advantage of the others. 63. He traded 
his bicycle off for a ring. 64. The wind sounds mournfully. 65. James 
is wealthier but not so intelligent as William. 66. They will be hanged at 
about three o'clock. 67. I want to very much see him. 68. They are 
more anxious to get a reputation than of possessing character. 69. John 
is insensible of flattery. 70. You can give the book either to the boy or 
the girl. 71. They found more gold than this. 72. They were angry at 
each other. 73. They showed no regard for the boy nor for the girl. 74. I 
told the man to politely speak to her. 75. The masons have resumed work 
again. 

OBSERVE THESE DIRECTIONS IN WRITING 
POSSESSIVE FORMS. 

1. Use ['s] to form the possessive singular of nouns. 

Use ['] only to form the possessive plural of nouns, when they end in [s] ; 
Use ['s] to form the possessive plural of nouns not ending- in [s]. 

2. Although in prose it should seldom occur, yet the [s] in the possessive singular is sometimes omitted to avoid an un- 

pleasant succession of hissing sounds. 

3. To distinguish the possessive plural from the singular of nouns whose singular and plural are alike, some place the 

apostrophe after the [s]. 

4. All groups of words treated as compound names add the possessive sign to the last word. 



GRA MMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



5. A phrase introduced by of often takes the place of the possessive case form. 

1. Of is oftener used than [*s] to denote the source from which a thing- proceeds. 

2. f's] is used chiefly with names of persons, animals, and things personified ; but, the possessive sign is often 

used: 

1. With things that are often personified; 

2. " " " we wish to dignify; 

3. " names of periods of time. 

6. When several possessive nouns modify the same word, the possessive sign is added to the last word only ; if they 

modify different words expressed or understood, it is added to each; when the different possessors are thought of 
as separate or opposed, the sign is often repeated. 

7. When the, an, or a precedes the possessive, the sign is repeated. 

8. When a possessive noun has an explanatory modifier, add the sign to the explanatory modifer only ; but the possess- 

ive noun takes the sign, when the explanatory modifier is long or when there is more than one. 

9. When a proper noun has a common noun as explanatory modifier, and the name of the thing possessed is omitted, the 

possessive sign may be added to the proper noun, or to the explanatory modifier; when the thing possessed is 
named, the noun directly preceding it takes the sign. 

10. Secure smoothness and clearness in constructing sentences ; if the possessive sign will not permit this, use phrases in 

place of it. 

11. Ambiguity may often be prevented by changing the assumed subject of a participle to a possessive. 

EXERCISE XVIII. 

Give the Reason for the Use of the Possessive Sign used in the 

following sentences. 

1. The sheep's feet are diseased. 2. The men's tasks have been com- 
pleted. 3. I have read Plutarch's life, the great biographer and philosopher. 
4. The plans were arranged at Frobisher's, the intrepid explorer for The 
Northwest Passage. 5. Herodias's demand was, that John the Baptist's head 
should be given to her. 6. It was his father's, as well as his sister's wish. 
7. The sheeps' wool was sheared early in the season. 8. Mar)' and Jane's 
room has been cleaned. 9. He left at duty's call. 10. The swine's grunt 
could be heard distinctly. 11. Achilles' scolding only angered Agamemnon. 

12. All the horses' manes have been trimmed. 13. Cain's killing his brother 
originated in envy. 14. The soldiery were deaf to the wives' and the chil- 
dren's pleadings. 15. Lake Itasca is the source of the Mississippi. 16. He 
strove to do God's, his country's, and his friends' wishes. 17. He lived 
an hour's ride from town. 18. King Henry the Eighth of England's reign 
was notable in many ways. 19. John's and Peter's horse is sick. 20. Only 
eleven of Aristophanes's comedies remain. 21. We bought the books at 
Smith, the stationer's. 22. The deers' horns were caught in the bush. 
23. The poetess' studies in literature were carefully made. 24. Meet me 
at Thompson's the clothier. 25. The stones o/Rome would rise and mutiny. 
26. Syracuse in Sicily was Archimedes's birthplace. 

EXERCISE XIX. 
In this Exercise under Possessive Case Forms, correct the sen- 
tences that require it ; improve those that can be improved; 
give satisfactory reasons for those that are correct. 

Remember — By using of many faulty Possessive Constructions may be avoided. 

i. The princess's supper was sumptuous. 2. Joseph's and Ewing's book 
has been carefully kept. 3. Neither the soldiers nor the sailors' pa)' has 
been given. 4. Her father and mother's consent was asked. 5. Tarquin 
the proud's the king of Rome's, conduct exasperated the people. 6. Thos. 
Jefferson's, the third president's, writings are mainly political. 7. The 
animals resembled dogs with deers' horns. 8. This river's tributaries are 
numerous. 9. This is somebody's else hat. 10. The fruit was bought at 
Wilson's the purveyor to the queen's. 11. He accusing the heads of the 
conspiracy saved his own life. 12. The kitten had lost it's mother. 13. A 
robin and a blackbird's nest was found. 14. The women, as w r ell as the 



GRAMMA TICAL CA UTIOXS. 



men's, wealth was swept away. 15. The heaven of heavens is the Lord's, 
thy God. 16. Thy Maker's will has placed thee here, a Maker's wise and 
good. 17. A description of the scenery of the most beautiful county of the 
state of Virginia. 18. Our actress's sympathy was shown in many ways. 
19. The cottage's chimney will soon fall. 20. A day's journey on horse 
brought him to his home. 21. We will meet at Messrs. Johnson's and 
Thompson's, the booksellers' on Broadway. 22. This is a part of my uncle's 
father's estate. 23. All those fields are our's. 24. The horse's and the 
dog's tail has been cut. 25. Alexander's the Great's empire fell to pieces. 
26. This palace has been the Grand Sultan's Mahomet. 27. These quota- 
tions are taken from Dr. Johnson, the lexicographer's, works. 28. The 
lioness's sickness alarmed her keeper. 29. An admiral-of-the-red's vessel 
gave timely assistance. 30. The sun's rays darted through my window. 
31. They stood at my cousin's father's sister's door. 32. Germanicus was 
reprimanded by Tiberius for he traveling into Egypt without Germanicus's 
permission. 33. We have hi's word for it. 34. The steamer and the 
schooner's cabins are large and clean. 35. Messrs. Jones's, Brown's, and 
Smith's business was a failure. 36. Those serene smiles were Dian, the 
fair queen of Night's. 37. John and Eliza's teacher is more learned than 
Thomas's or James's. 38. I admitting the fact will not affect the argument. 
39. The wind carried off the admiral's-of-the-fleet's flag. 40. Alexander 
taking a fancy for a bath caused an interruption to the march. 41. Thomas 
and Henry's estate will be sold. 42. This is rny brother's wife's sister's 
tomb. 43. Many of Willis' shorter poems are very pretty. 44. The book- 
keeper and the clerk's vacation are at the same time. 45. It was his sister, 
brother, and nephew's mone}^ that he lost. 46. I have seen neither William 
nor Charles's book. 47. Socrates's sayings are recorded in Plato and Zeno- 
phon's works. 48. Hades stole Demeter's, the goddess of vegetation and of 
useful fruit's, daughter. 49. The leader' s-of-the-band house was totally 
destroyed. 50. Earth's best gifts are the most free. 

CASE FORMS OF PRONOUNS. 

1. Use /, we, thou, ye, he, she, they, who : — 2. Use >nc, us, thee, him, her, them, whom : — 

1. As subject; 1. As object complement; 

2. As attribute complement ; 2. As principal word in a prepositional phrase ; 

3. Independently; 3. As objective complement; 

4. As attribute complement of a participle or infi- 4. As indirect object. 

nitive whose assumed subject is a possessive : 

5. A's attribute complement of a participle or infi- 

nitive used independenth'. 

3. "When pronouns are explanatory modifiers, give them the same case as the word explained. 

4. When pronouns are attribute complements of participles,or infinitives, give them the same case as the words to which 

they relate as attributes. 

EXERCISE XX. 

Tell what is incorrect in these Case Forms, and why. 

1. I know whom thou art. 2. Whom say ye that I am ? 3. Thou 
only have I chosen. 4. We thought it was thee. 5. Whom do you think 
it is ? 6. Thee must have left earlier than me. 7. Impossible ! it can't 
be me. 8. I can write as well as thee. 9. We met your uncle, he that 
lives in New York. 10. He often speaks to we girls on the street. ir. Us 
boys will have our picnic next week. 12. It could not have been her. 
13. Whom did he think }-ou were? 14. Are not John and thee cousins? 
15. I that speak to thee am him. 16. Her being called for testimony, we 
all left the room. 17. The gentleman gave all the can dy to we girls. 18. I 
know not whom it was who did it. 19. Her and me are of the same age. 



24 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

20. Who shall we send on this errand? 21. Let he and I avoid such 
company. 22. Them that seek wisdom will be wise. 23. Art thee him 
whom they say thee art ? 24. From he that is needy, turn not away. 
25. It rests with thou and I to decide. 26. It is your brother, him whom 
was sick. 27. Who should I meet but my old friend. 28. All believed 
the guilty man to be I. 29. I have always wished to be he. 30. Thee 
helping, I know I can succeed. 31. There are few pupils better than him. 

32. We received the book from William, he that works in the garden. 

33. For we to be silent in the cause of Christ is to renounce it. 34. He 
chose twelve who he named Apostles. 35. I thought the approaching man 
to be he. 36. Had it been her, she would have told we. 37. He that is 
idle and mischievous reprove sharply. 38. Mary often said that she longed 
to be her. 39. My father allowed he and I to accompany she. 40. Let 
him be whom he may, he is not the person whom he seems. 

CONSTRUCTION OF COMPARATIVES AND 
SUPERLATIVES. 

1. In comparisons, avoid comparing a thing with itself. 

2. In using the superlative degree, let the latter term include the former. 

3. Avoid double comparatives and double superlatives. 

4. Avoid comparing adjectives whose meaning will not admit of different degrees. 

5. When adjectives denoting one, or more than one, are joined to nouns, the adjective and the noun must agree in 

number. 

6. A numeral denoting more than one may be prefixed to a singular noun to form a compound adjective. 

EXERCISE XXI. 

Tinder the Six Cautions for the Construction of Comparatives 

and Superlatives, tell what is incorrect in these 

sentences, and why. 

1. Fortitude is the best of all other conquerors of difficulties. 2. Of 
all other evil habits, idleness is the most incorrigible. 3. I did not find 
my masters more wiser or more better than other men. 4. Hire the two 
stronger men of the applicants. 5. Where did I drop this scissors ? 6. Fru- 
gality may more justly be considered the parent of liberty than any virtue. 

7. Of all the other principles of human satisfaction, employment is the 
greatest. 8. Self-neglecting is a more greater sin than self-love. 9. Bacon's 
Essay on Study contains more closety-packed thought than any English 
composition. 10. Coal is more abundant in this state than any mineral. 
11. John is the richer of the three. 12. The water is six fathom deep. 
13. This man give him the best advice of all the preceding. 14. This is 
a more circular box than what I have. 15. He wrote a most meaningless 
letter. 16. The years of a man are three-score-and-ten. 17. There are 
no persons he likes as well as children. 18. John is the best runner of 
the two. 19. What was the height of those gallows which Haman erected? 
20. Revenge seemed to him, of all other words, the most inhuman. 21. The 
contempt of riches is often the most shortest road to riches. 22. He has a 
most immense information. 23. No vice seems more dishonorable among men 
than drunkenness. 24. No endowments are greater than virtue and wisdom. 
25. The farmer planted wheat in his forty-acres field. 26. I lost that pincers 
yesterday. 27. Irene was the most admired of all her associates in the 
temple. 28. Space is more endless than anyone can imagine. 29. I moved 
five load of furniture. 30. Israel loved Joseph more than all his children. 
31. Hope is the most constant of all the other virtues. 32. I drove a five- 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 25 

horses tally-ho. 33. Of all other men, the powerful can be attacked with 
least safety. 34. He is less perfect than his brother. 35. This soldier is 
more mortally wounded than his comrade. 36. They make fifty set of harness 
each week. 37. Geography is the easiest of the two studies. 38. Platinum is 
heavier than any metal. 39. He has a sixteen-years old daughter. 40. Philip 
had the most powerful mind of all his Indian companions. 41. He was 
considered the closest student of all his classmates. 42. Of all the other 
men in the. shop, he was the most careful. 43. Constancy is the most 
highest privilege of friendship. 44. The more contemplative a man is, the 
more happier he is. 45. Russia is more extensive than any empire in 
the world. 46. No class of men are more envied than those that are 
advanced suddenly. 47. These kind of men can be found everywhere. 
48. This was the most unkindest cut of all. 49. Mother is the greatest 
of all other powers in deciding the fate of the child. 50. This snow was 
the deepest of any other we had. 

EXERCISE XXII. 

Review under Possessives, Case Forms for Pronouns, and Com- 
paratives and Superlatives ; tell what is incorrect, and why. 

1. Your actions are far righter than your brother's. 2. A visit will be 
made to the commander's-in-chief house. 3. Me being inexperienced, they 
easily overcame me. 4. They all said it was him. 5. Howells' speeches 
were short but pointed. 6. The more simpler the diet is, the weller is the 
child. 7. Who did you inquire for ? 8. We know it to be they. 9. That 
music sounds like Beethoven's, that great master of composition's. 10. 
Charles's ambassador said that Leo hated Wolsey more than any man. 11. I 
know not whom she is. 12. The crown kept at Vicegrade was Stephen, 
the first king of Hungary's. 13. The thought is Dr. Holmes, the poet's, 
novelist's, and wit's. 14. They believed it to be I. 15. Clemency adorns 
a king more than any man. 16. They will build a seven-feet fence. 17. 
It was thought to be him. 18. I cannot find that snuffers. 19. Both the 
king and the baron's castle was strongly fortified. 20. Who did you suppose 
it to be? 21. Whom do you think was there? 22. Of all other wrongs, 
strictest law is often the greatest. 23. He has that hat of your's. 24. Women 
find their most bitterest foes among their own sex. 25. I bought the horse 
for my friend's brother's wife. 26. My cousin, her who lives in the country, 
will soon come to town. 27. These remarks are most incomprehensible. 
28. A preacher banging a cushion gives him too warlike a figure. 29. The 
attorney' s-at-law office was robbed. 30. The enlisted men number five 
hundreds. 

EXERCISE XXIII. 

Verb Forms. — Tell what is incorrect in the Verb Forms used in 
these sentences, and why* 

1. I shall sit thee free for this. 2. I grinded the wheat. 3. The lion 
sprung upon his victim. 4. The dogs have fit an hour. 5. Some set up 
late at winter fires. 6. You were lain upon the bed. 7. You have not 
dealed with us. 8. He rended her heart with sorrow. 9. He had ought 
to have did it. 10. I will lie thy cities waste. 11. Let us lie by a store 

*For correct verb forms see list of irregular and redundant verbs in any grammar. 



26 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

of learning. 12. These children were rose well. 13. John was struck with 
fever. 14. I entered the room and set down. 15. Pale horror sets on each 
Arcadian face. 16. They catched the thief. 17. The colt has never been 
shoed. 18. The boys were bade to go home. 19. They are men who sit 
up for morality. 20. I shall sit out for London to-morrow. 21. The boys 
were learned arithmetic. 22. Mary don't study her lessons. 23. One lucky 
hit sets up a man forever. 24. Cassio has here been sat on in the dark. 
25. Bnvy lays between beings equal in nature. 26. We both have wrote 
to-day. 27. Birds flee to the south in winter. 28. You should have spoke 
to the man. 29. The pressing guilt lays heavy on him. 30. The sailor 
hove a sigh. 31. All drunk the beer. 32. Flowers were strowed before 
the bride. 33. They have laid an hour on the grass. 34. He rung his 
hands with grief. 35. Time has flew on golden wings. 36. John has often 
came to the house. 37. We had saw the ship before. 38. The queen 
sweeped past. 39. Can he wring the bell ? 40. His mother chided him. 
41. They carefully sat the table. 42. The tailor shrunk the cloth. 43. He 
has thron the stone. 44. All the milk has froze. 45. The picture has 
always hanged crooked. 46. The carter has drove many miles. 47. All 
spat upon the clay. 48. I am laying upon the bed. 49. We have stole 
nothing. 50. The friends have cloven to each other. 51. I rid six miles. 
52. The boys raised quickly from bed. 53. The man sware he had been 
attacked. 54. Before help come, the boy had sank. 55. The wind blowed 
a gale. 56. Has he throve upon his stealings ? 57. Set upon the bench. 
58. I lay it upon the table yesterday. 59. The criminal has flown from 
justice. 60. They had not spitten upon them. 61. John has often did 
the lesson. 62. All strid past the house. 63. We laid under the tree. 
64. Has the maid rang the bell ? 65. Moses cleaved the rock. 66. I swum 
across yesterday. 67. Fat men have shook with laughter. 68. John had 
already broke his knife. 69. The woman set down to rest. 70. Peter 
smit the servant. 71. We have wore rich costumes. 72. The lions have 
been feeded. 73. The desk should be lain upon the floor. 74. The dog 
creeped up. 75. The tiger had sprang upon the deer. 76. We were well 
ridden of him. 77. They Strang the apples upon cords. 78. The girls 
choosed roses. 79. Mary yesterday raised from her bed. 80. The women 
sung a song. 81. Have you tore the paper? 82. We had began prayers. 
83. The woman beseeched for mercy. 84. The children have winded bobbins. 
85. God spake to Moses. 86. Have you gotten the horse ? 87. His friends 
have forsook him. 88. The maiden span flax from early morning. 89. 
Horses have drank the water. 90. The thief had stoled his coat also. 
91. Do you lay upon the couch? 92. They have rode 500 miles. 93. We 
have dinged to false hopes. 94. His hand swole during the day. 95. You've 
often saw the dogs. 96. The freshet had bursted through. 97. She don't 
sit the table. 98. The sheep were shore yesterday. 99. He was threw 
from the bridge. 100. The judge found him $10. 101. The hat has laid 
upon the shelf. 102. They done the work early. 103. His head was 
splitted by the fall. 104. Three bottles busted. 105. They said more than 
they meaned. 106. The mother has carefully risen him. 107. They had 
strode along the road. 108. Mary has chose the better part. 109. The 
blacksmith shoed the horses badly. 1 10. They begun study at seven o'clock, 
in. He has took the book. 112. The children had just set down. 113. 
Has the letter been writ? 114. The boys have went away. 115. Moses 
had smote the rock. 116. John has been forgave. 117. By June the wheat 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 27 

will have grew tall. 118. Mary has ate her supper. 119. He spended his 
strength without profit. 120. The babe was lain near its mother. 121. We 
have withstanded all entreaties. 122. He come yesterday and seen you. 
123. They run as soon as they seed the officer. 124. The children have 
ran away. 125. He would set for hours looking at the billows. 



USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

1. In conditional or concessive clauses, use the indicative mode : 

1. When the action or being- is assumed as a fact ; 

2. When uncertainty lies merely in the speaker's knowledge of the fact. 

2. Use the subjimcti-ve present when the action or being- is thought of merely as a future contingency. 

3. To express a wish, use the subjunctive past of the verb be. 

4. To express a mere supposition which is contrary to the fact, use the subjunctive past of the verb be. 

EXERCISE XXIV. 
In the following sentences, tell why the italicized words are used. 

1. I wish I were a man. 2. Let him take heed lest he fall. 3. Send 
him to me, if thou please. 4. O that I were as in days past ! 5. If it 
moves, I do not perceive it. 6. If he were angry, I would know it. 7. If 
I were a fairy, good boys would be born rich. 8. How I wish that the 
work were done ! 9. If she was there, I could not see her. 10. If he is 
discreet, he will succeed. 11. If there is a mistake, I cannot see it. 12. O 
were I given but one hour longer ! 13. If wishes were horses, beggars 
might ride. 14. If thou cast me off, I shall be miserable. 15. Were he 
asked, I'm sure he would refuse. 16. If I was to write, he would not regard 
it. 17. If the money is there, I did not know it. 18. If thou felt as I, 
we could soon decide. 19. There fell from his eyes, as it were, scales. 
20. Were death denied, e'en fools would wish to die. 21. The mind shall 
banquet, though the body pine. 22. If Henry ivas in the garden, I did not. 
know it. 23. Although he is defeated, he has not given up hope. 24. They 
will fine thee, unless thou make an excuse. 25. If all men were honest, 
would society be happier? 26. Though he seems to be honest, he has. 
deceived us. 27. I shall walk out in the afternoon, unless it rain. 28. O 
that there were yet a day to redress thy wrongs ! 29. If he were an impostor, 
he would have been detected. 30. Watch the doors of thy lips, lest thou 
utter folly. 

EXERCISE XXV. 

In the following exercise, use whichever word is preferable, and 
give your reasons. 

1. If thou [love — lovest] him, thou wilt give evidence of it. 2. I believe,, 
whatever the issue [be — is], all will be well. 3. Though this event [is — be] 
strange, it certainly did happen. 4. He will maintain the cause, though 
he [lose — loses] the estate. 5. I will speak the truth, though it [shakes — 
shake] the universe. 6. If love [was — were] never feigned, it would seem 
to be scarce. 7. Money will be your master, if it [be — is] not your servant. 

8. He would have made a valuable man, [were —was] he a close student. 

9. [Were — was] I mistaken, I would endeavor to correct my views. 10. A 
man will never be poor, if he [live — lives] according to nature, n. Alexander 
said, "Would that I [were — was] the ruler of many worlds" ! 12. If he 
[spend — spends] all his money now, what will become of him in age ! 13. 
If thou [lovest — love] tranquillity of mind, why engage in disputes ? 14. Though 



GRAMMA TICAL CA UTIONS. 



thou [wert — wast] as huge as Atlas, thy efforts would be vain. 15. If Sun- 
days [be — are] neglected, all religion insensibly goes to decay. 16. If 
ambition in itself [is — be] a vice, it is often the parent of virtue. 17. Unless 
The Lord [build — builds] the house, they labor in vain who build it. 18. 
If we [are — be] born to help one another, it is necessary to know the world. 
19. If a man [makes — make] himself an ass, he must not take it ill if men 
ride him. 20. If the lesson [were — was] always prepared, the progress would 
be greater. 21. The stock from which a man comes matters little, provided 
he [is — be] virtuous. 22. Though he [was — were] a son, he learned obedi- 
ence from what he suffered. 23. Books are white paper, unless one [spend — 
spends] in action the wisdom he gets there. 24. [Were — was] all the year 
playing-holidays, to sport would be as tedious as to work. 25. If seasons 
of idleness [are — be] dangerous, what must a continual habit of it prove ! 
26. Though thou [shed — sheddest] thy blood in the cause, it would but 
prove thee a fool. 27. If there [is — be] no moral training, the noblest 
endowments are blemished and lost. 28. Though he [speak — speaks] with 
the tongues of angels and [have — has] not charity, it profits naught. 29. 
If passion [is — be] the most general, it is not the only cause that binds up 
the understanding. 30. [Was — were] every book reduced to its quintessence, 
many a bulky author would appear in a pamphlet. 

TENSE FORMS. 

Present tense expresses what is actually present, 
" " is true at all times, 

" " will take place in the future, 

" " frequently or habitually takes place, 

describes past or future events as if happening at the time of speaking. 
Past tense expresses simply past action or being, 
a past habit or custom, 
" a future event, 
" present time. 
Future tense expresses simply future action or being, 

" habit or custom as future, or as indefinite in time. 

Present perfect tense expresses action or being as completed at the present time; that is, a period of time (an hour, a 
year, an age) of which the present forms a part, 
expresses action or being to be completed in future time. 
Past perfect tense expresses action or being as completed at some specified past time, 

" past time, in conditional or hypothetical clauses. 

Future perfect tense expresses an action as completed at some specified future time. 

EXERCISE XXVI. 

What tense is employed in each of the following verbs, and what 
subdivision of the tense is indicated ? 

1. Pope's aunt taught him the elementary studies. 2. Charles Edward 
Stuart was called The Young Chevalier. 3. Charles confers with Cromwell; 
no satisfactory result is reached. 4. All things had been prepared before 
the king came. 5. The less wrong a man commits, the less zvill he be forced 
to conceal. 6. A man ivill not enjoy life until he has learned to be con- 
tented. 7. Socrates and Minos maintained the dialogue. 8. Men frequently 
forget the mighty deeds which have been done by their fellows. 9. Obedience 
to parents was a most popular virtue among the Romans. 10. War delights 
in bloodshed. 11. The President arrives next Thursday afternoon. 12. If 
he had understood the business, he would have attended to it. 13. To-morrow, 
I start upon the trip. 14. Dr. Johnson had received an uncouth body, a 
diseased constitution, and an irritable temper. 15. Swift's deafness made 
conversation difficult. 16. Until men have learned industry, economy, and 
self-control, they can\\o\. safely be entrusted with wealth. 17. Were all the 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 29 

year playing-holidays, to sport would be as tedious as to work. 18. God will 
come to judge the world. 19. We never see my father unoccupied. 20. 
Lengthened reasoning frequently obscures the clearest objects. 21. The man 
who has lost all will go wherever you wish. 22. The earth opens, the dead 
arise and appear to many. 23. If you have taught well, you have learned 
much. 24. Samuel anointed Saul and David. 25. All the goods will have 
been removed by the first of the month. 26. Without content, we shall find 
it almost as difficult to please others as ourselves. 27. Everything yields 
to industry. 28. Sydney Smith keeps everybody about him actively employed. 

29. Had his Sundays been neglected, all his religion would have gone to decay. 

30. The morning-star comes dancing from the east. 31. No person has 
ever lived whose virtues satisfied all men. 32. He strove to make God's 
world a happy world. 33. I shall have finished my lessons by supper-time. 
34. If I should see him, I would inform }<ou. 35. Were he asked, I'm sure 
he would refuse. 36. We render the account next month. 37. The educa- 
tion you are to get fits you to perform skillfully all this work. 38. The 
master will doubtless be informed. 39. Were I mistaken, I should endeavor 
to correct it. 40. Rome entertained a most contemptuous opinion of the 
Jews. 41. I buy golden opinions from all sorts of men. 42. I acknowledge 
my sin unto thee. 43. The crown of Stephen was kept in the castle at 
Vicegrade. 44. Money will be your master, unless you make it your servant. 
45. They will bear thee up lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. 46. Men 
often complain of the unfortunate ending of all their undertakings. 47. We 
shall have left Canada by next Friday night. 48. The clouds open, the Son 
of Man appears to judge the world. 49. Should the lion overtake us, we 
shall be killed. 50. Should you come late, you would not find me. 51. He 
studies his lessons carefully. 52. Nicanor hears of their courage ; he does 
not attack them with the sword. 53. If men would be sparing of their time, 
they should find many opportunities for intellectual improvement. 54. They 
place over His head His accusation. 55. The case will have been settled 
when the court closes. 

EXERCISE XXVII. 

CORRECT THESE TENSE FORMS. 

NOTE. — The present or future tense follows verbs of command, desire, expectation, hope, intention, or permission. 

I. He was ordered to have left the town yesterda}'-. 2. The horse had 
ought to be shod. 3. James wished to have secured the place. 4. The 
man that was lame dropped his crutch and began to walk. 5. Our food 
is always sweet, because we have earned before we have eaten. 6. The 
children were told to have taken a walk. 7. I was afraid that I should have 
lost the parcel. 8. I shall see him before night. 9. He had ought to aid 
him. 10. I hoped you would have come. n. The children were told that 
Christmas was a season when all should rejoice. 12. The men were discharged 
this week. 13. We will be paid by Saturday morning. 14. These fields had 
ought to be reaped. 15. I longed to have accompanied him. 16. The woman 
whose arms were paralyzed sat in her chair sewing. 17. You will finish 
the work by seven o'clock. 18. Be diligent, that you may have been found 
without spot. 19. I would not have let him gone. 20. This style has 
been fashionable last year. 21. The nominee desired to have been elected. 
22. We all hoped to have escaped these dangers. 23. They hanged the 
man before the pardon came. 24. They thought to have won the race. 



30 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

25. Everyone should strive to have been an ornament to his profession. 26. 
They desire that you will have continued in the position. 27. Would we have 
been permitted to have aided him ? 28. The preacher observed that Heaven 
was a place where misery will cease. 29. Could they have intended to have 
joined the company ? 30. They will reach home by eight o'clock. 31. The 
ship was to have sailed last week. 32. I expected to have been there in 
time. 33. We held that sincerity was as valuable as knowledge. 34. Their 
only desire was to have been let alone. 35. I was constrained to have 
appealed to Caesar. 36. The woman was sick all this year. 37. Mary 
had ought to see the woman. 38. I intended to have seen him before 
leaving. 39. The girl that was dumb suddenly arose and began to speak. 
40. I saw him and spoke to him before you arrived. 41. The ship will 
have been sure to have reached the place. 42. John has paid the man last 
week. 43. These studies have been valued in past ages. 44. I resolved 
to have committed no error. 45. It was then my intention to have visited 
Sicily. 46. The farmer said that oats were ripe when the straws turn yellow. 
47. I am solicitous to have written well. 48. I expected to have heard 
from you. 49. He intended to have done it. 

USE OF WILL AND WOULD, AND SHALL 
AND SHOULD. 

If it is remembered that originally shall meant to owe, to be obliged, — and will meant to determine, what follows will 
be easily understood. 

1. When the will of the subject controls the action, use will or would. 

2. When external influences control the subject, use shall or should. 

3. To express mere futurity, the following- is the proper form : 

I shall speak We shall speak 

Thou wilt speak, or You will speak 

You will speak They will speak. 

He, She, It will speak. 
FORMS — I. I will speak — a promise or determination is here expressed, the will of the subject controls the action. 

2. You shall speak, He shall speak — a promise is here made that others speak, or a determination is expressed 

that the action of speaking will be forced upon these persons, — the actors are here under external influences. 

3. Shall I speak ? — the speaker places himself under the will of another, which is external influence. 

4. Will I go? is absurd, as the speaker here asks himself what his own will is. 

5. The principles that apply to shall and will, apply also to should and would. Should and would express 

futurity as to past time. 

EXERCISE XXVIII. 

In the following sentences, tell whether the will of the speaker 

controls the action, whether the subject is under external 

influences, or whether mere futurity is indicated. 

1. Shall you be in time for the train ? 2. The mind will banquet, 
though the body pine. 3. A man who will not mind his own business 
should not be trusted with the king's. 4. Reflection is the art that every 
man should be master of. 5. To trace the origin of dancing would be a. 
difficult task. 6. I will give you all possible help. 7. By observing rules, 
all men would avoid errors and distress of mind. 8. Method will teach you 
to win time. 9. If I desire to be safe, I will be careful to do what is right. 
10. Whoever will thrive must ask his wife's permission. 11. The man 
who has lost all will go wherever you wish. 12. Some relaxation should 
be given to the mind. 13. Shall I attend the door? 14. A gentleman's 
recreation shall always be manly, moderate, reasonable, and lawful. 15. Who- 
ever will have the perfection of pleasure ivill be moderate in the use of it. 
16. We will store in youth what will be useful in age. 17. Where nature 
bestows genius, education will give accomplishments. 18. Men shall study 
dress and quiet repose of manner. 19. We shall find more evils belong to 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 31 

us than happen to us. 20. The inclination to spend time in frivolities shall 
be restrained by every means. 21. Why shall I play the Roman fool, and 
die upon my sword ! 22. They shall pursue whatever is most agreeable. 

23. Without content, we shall find it as difficult to please others as ourselves. 

24. A pleasure-loving woman will never produce well-bred children. 25. 
Shall we study our lessons? 26. You shall avoid inquiring after the authors 
of these remarks. 27. I will ramble in the woods to observe the habits of 
the birds. 28. Shall we receive the property ? 29. Affectation is a sprout 
which his teacher shall nip in the bud. 30. The less desire we have for 
honors and favors, the happier we shall be. 31. To walk in the right path 
should be the aim of all men. 32. I will see to all the work. 33. She 
would continually interrupt my repose by dinning in my ear her complaints. 
34. Whoever will search for pearls must dive deep. 35. Shall you be chosen 
for the post? 36. Kings will not leave the throne to play with beggars. 

37. The more we will curb our pleasures, the greater shall be our honor. 

38. All persons should begin with the rudiments of art. 39. I will take an 
early train. 40. The pretence of public good is a cheat which will ever 
pass. 41. The grass will grow, and the flowers will bloom.* 42. If I can 
be my own master, I will not be the servant of another. 43. I will thwart 
all his plans. 44. Shall the decision have been given by Monday? 45. He 
must excel in industry who will excel in arts. 46. What was difficult to 
endure will be pleasant to recall to memory. 47. I will pay the vows which 
my lips uttered when I was in trouble. 48. A true lady should be polite, 
easy, deferential in her manner. 49. Brooks will babble and flow, and sum- 
mer will come and go* 50. I would recommend keeping a journal of your 
life. 51. The world admires the man who will not be influenced by money. 
52. The wife and fortune he will gain, will not aid him. 53. The more a 
man strives to overtake fame, the sooner will he lose her. 54. Bad designs 
will surely arise from bad dispositions. 55. Shall I buy the book? 56. I 
will make any effort to avoid this frivolity. 57. Gains made at the expense 
of reputation shall be considered a loss. 58. I will now observe what the 
Mosaic Law furnishes. 59. Shall the boys be taken from home ? 60. I 
will venture to impart my observations. 61. I shall die unless some one 
will aid me. 62. That men shall keep their contracts is a necessary law. 
63. Self-love will make them partial to themselves and friends. 64. I shall 
then see clearly what is now too difficult. 65. Some errors would never have 
thriven, had it not been for learned refutation. 66. The court decides that 
he shall go to prison. 67. In life, he shall perceive a man is very much 
what he considers others. 68. Shall they meet your mother ? 69. The tall 
trees will moan, and the tender grass will bend* 70. Civility is a charm 
which will attract all men. 71. A teacher shall continue to be a learner 
while he continues to be a teacher. 72. Shall you be promoted? 73. I 
shall not receive an invitation, but I will go. 74. In speaking to children, 
we will endeavor to avoid all confusing terms. 75. How shall I then your 
helpless fame defend ? 

*The subject here names something- incapable of ■willing, and is really an exception to the rule referring to a/i'//; if 
the subject is taken as a personification, the use of will is apparent. 



32 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

FORMS FOR NUMBER AND PERSON— VERBS. 

i. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

2. Use a plural verb with a collective noun, if the individuals of the collection are thought of; otherwise use a singular 

verb. 

3. Subjects connected by and require a plural verb, except — 

1. When these connected subjects are different names for the same thing. 

2. When these connected subjects name several things taken as one whole. 

3. When each, every, or no, precedes connected subjects. 

4. When the subjects are emphatically distinguished ; in this case, the verb agrees with the Jirst subject only. 

5. When as well as connects the subjects. 

6. When one subject is affirmative, and the other negative ; in this case the verb agrees with the affirmative. 

7. When the connected subjects follow the verb, and are to be emphasized ; in this case, the verb agrees with the 

subject that stands nearest. 

4. Singular subjects connected by or or nor, require a singular verb. 

5. When connected subjects have different numbers or persons, the verb agrees with the nearest. 

6. When a singular and a plural subject are used, place the plural subject next to verb. 

7. In confessing a fault, the speaker mentions himself first ; on all other occasions, last. 

8. Subjects requiring different forms of the verb take the verb with each subject. 

EXERCISE XXIX. 

Criticise and Correct these Sentences under the Might Cautions 
for Number and Person Forms, for Verbs. 

1. Not his pains, but his age set heavy upon him. 2. Of the cattle, 
60 head was in this pasture. 3. Every boy and girl were invited to the 
entertainment. 4. What observes the clergyman of the contest ? 5. Among 
all nations there is to be found virtue and character. 6. A flock of sheep 
was standing upon the ledge. 7. The girl worketh* with spirit. 8. The 
outcome of his selfishness and ill-will are injurious to you only. 9. The 
definition of all these words are unknown. 10. Mine are work and sickness, 
and trials without number. 11. One dozen of large screws are required. 
12. Neither I nor John am dishonest. 13. I or he were to be rewarded. 
14. There were a class of boys in the room. 15. Nine months' rent are 
due. 16. The vilest specimens of nature is found among demagogues. 
17. God needs not man's works. 18. The navy were under the admiral's 
command. 19. Strawberries and cream are the only refreshment. 20. 
What have happened to the boys? 21. Earth, and water also, teem with 
life. 22. The nippers is not to be used. 23. The park, not the drives, 
are to be ornamented. 24. Neither innocence nor abstinence were his. 
virtue. 25. You was asked to attend. 26. Neither I nor thou am 
invited. 27. He needsf not go to the fields. 28. What rewards have each 
of the boys received ? 29. The extension of railroads increase the facilities 
of commerce. 30. Why men are not alive to their best interests seem 
strange. 31. The Senate has voted against the bill. 32. Enthusiasm and 
energy in work carries the day. 33. This poet and scholar, my earliest 
friend, were killed at sea. 34. In the closet has been placed all the books 
not needed. 35. I, and thou also, art much to blame. 36. The tongs 
was left beside the grate. 37. Dignity, not rare accomplishments, were 
her possession. 38. Either levity or humor sway most people. 39. It is 
we that is to aid himj. 40. I or my brother am expected to be there. 
41. It dares not go beyond the fence. 42. Five times eighteen are ninety?. 

43. To persevere in one's duty and be silent are the best answer to calumny. 

44. God speaks not to the listless. 45. The army was hungry and dissatisfied. 
46. Porridge, meat, and milk were his breakfast daily. 47. There is more 

K.r the third person singular in the present indicative, and est, et, or t lor tl on singular, are used 

only in solemn style. 

lowed by an infinitive, are used 
iThe verb in an adjective clause relating to the indefinite sul ject it takes the number of the complement, when the 
complement direi tly pi 

• 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 33 



failures than we suspect. 48. The snake, and the lizard also, cast skin. 
49. There is sufficient alms given at church. 50. Not horses, but a stout 
mule are serviceable here. 51. Neither peace nor good order are the work 
of vice. 52. We was arrested in that city. 53. He or I is to attend the 
guests. 54. It is I that is to be sued. 55. The payment of all just claims 
strengthen a country's credit. 56. This man walketh upon crutches. 57. A 
flock of sheep was eating grass. 58. With all his faults, there is his honesty 
and love of work to make him esteemed. 59. What says the teachers about 
it? 60. Kvery horse, every cow, and every sheep are to be sold. 61. There 
was 8000 foot under his command. 62. Not his houses, but his barn were 
destroyed. 63. Yours were family and wealth and honor. 64. Seven brace 
of game is not sufficient to dine so many. 65. They or I are to have the 
money. 66. She needs not attend school to-morrow. 67. W T hat men have 
each captain chosen ? 68. His parents has been away several months. 
69. That we must obey the laws admit no question. 70. The Senate were 
composed of many able men. 71. The Spanish fleet were destroyed. 72. My 
Lord and my God have risen. 73. Under the ruins were found a child's 
body. 74. Thou, and I also, couldst have aided him. 75. The barn as 
well as the houses, were built of stone. 76. Manhood, not boyish follies, 
gain her esteem. 77. An idiot, or natural fool, are without understanding 
from infancy. 78. It is I that is to be appointed. 79. I or thou are on 
the list. 80. Your brother and I is to blame. 81. Diligence with regu- 
larity and method make the good student. 82. Fifteen weeks' board were 
due. 83. The worship of wealth and family are injuring manners and 
morals. 84. The Lord has given his life for men. 85. A horde of these 
barbarians were defeated. 86. Meat and vegetables are the dinner given 
to the boys. 87. She may use what horse she wish. 88. She, and thou 
too, are to be invited. 89. The ashes has been put into a barrel. 90. 
Achilles, and not the warriors, were blamable. 91, A levee, or artificial 
mound, protect New Orleans from inundation. 92. You was told to retire. 
93. To nod or to gap in company are impolite. 94. He dares not touch 
the goods. 95. She needs not hope for help. 96. John or James are 
expected to-day. 97. His trowsers is too short. 98. The beauty of the 
world and the paragon of animals are man. 99. Peter, as well as my brothers, 
are to graduate. 100. The shot given to them was superior to this. 

FORMS FOR NUMBER AND PERSON— PRONOUNS. 

A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, number, and gender. 

NOTE. — Rules from 2 to 8 under forms for number and person of verbs, apply to pronouns also. 

EXERCISE XXX. 

Criticize and Correct these Sentences under the Number and 
Person Forms for Pronouns. 

1. Fruit, as well as flowers, will carry their perfume. 2. A great mind 
and a great fortune have its own special advantages. 3. Men are entitled 
to liberty of conscience, but must not pervert them to the injury of others. 4. I 
bought suitable food and gave them to the poor. 5. The Senate have given 
its vote. 6. Neither the horse nor the dog was given their breakfast. 7. Each 
pupil will take care of their room. 8. He bought the trowsers and has 
worn it a year. 9. James, as well as Joseph, has taken their horse. 10. The 
herd was eating its provender. 11. A boy may have enjoyment without 



34 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

devoting themselves entirely to play. 12. No person should take from them- 
selves the pleasures of study. 13. I can take John or James and help them 
in their work. 14. No juryman was allowed to leave their room. 15. My 
brother, not my cousins, has had their examination. 16. Will any person 
be told what their expenses will be? 17. Honor and fortune have attrac- 
tions in itself. 18. I was troubled with mumps, but he cured it. 19. The 
flock is in the fold, for I have just seen them there. 20. Neither Joseph 
nor George was in town before they were men. 21. No woman can be 
blamed for maintaining their dignity. 22. Does any person know what their 
end will be? 23. Thomas and I have recovered his health. 24. Honesty, 
and labor also, will have their reward. 25. He brought the shears, and I 
mended it. 26. The club have voted for its yearly officers. 27. They 
offered thanks, and God accepted it. 28. Bach boy was told to return their 
books. 29. Neither he nor his brother hope to get their position. 30. Our 
gardener, and our coachmen also, has been joined by their friends. 31. The 
firm has paid all their indebtedness. 32. I have a rare selection of pictures, 
and shall exhibit them at the gallery. 33. Not every officer has brought 
upon themselves discredit. 34. A woman never truly commands till they 
have given their promise to obey. 35. A man must sow comfort in pros- 
perity, or he cannot reap them in adversity. 

EXERCISE XXXI. 

Read carefully the directions and remarks under Exercises 18, 

27 f 28, 29, and then criticize the following sentences, 

correcting any that require it. 

1. Peter's and James's property will be lost. 2. Whoever is about 
children shall learn their nature and aptitudes. 3. William's, the garden- 
er's house is too small. 4. No excuse and no money are able to redeem 
him. 5. The council was introduced to the king. 6. It was the treasurer 
as well as the secretary's fault. 7. Every man in the shop has received 
their pay. 8. They have mens' forms and swines' habits. 9. A year's 
revenue could easily have been spent. 10. Not the country, but the large 
cities has increased in population, ir. That a man should be angry and sin 
not were advised by the Apostle. 12. The more noise he hears, the more 
will he admire the speaker. 13. Time's scythe mows down all. 14. Wealth, as 
well as poverty, have their own cares. 15. There was 10000 foot in this army. 
16. He dares not ask any favors. 17. Edmund Burke's, the countryman 
of Sheridan's, speeches is classical. 18. William- and Mary's reign were 
short. 19. This street's pavement is in a bad 'condition. 20. She dares 
not expose herself to draughts. 21. The task of teaching with poor books 
are always difficult. 22. The duchess's servants were all faithful. 23. 
Neither John nor Thomas are here when they are wanted. 24. L,ady Mac- 
beth walking in her sleep is an incident full of tragic horror. 25. I admire 
you sending your letter to me without seal or wafer. 26. Either wisdom or 
goodness have caused him to act so. 27. An army of office-seekers were 
thus driven to its home. 28. Knowledge and wisdom goeth not always 
together. 29. The world's government is not left to chance. 30. He 
may have what help he need. 31. The book, not the picture, were sold 
for their full value. 32. These are the Apostle to the Gentile's works. 
33. The store is opposite to Messrs. Jones's and Co's. 34. The son of 
this wealthy man resteth upon his father. 35. God will speak not to idle 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 35 

and listless hearers. 36. The reward and strength, the glory and pleasure 
of men are work. 37. This is Messrs. Adams's and Howells's store, the clo- 
thiers'. 38. No laborer was permitted to give their views. 39. The thought 
of I being nothing after death is insupportable. 40. I bought fine furni- 
ture and sold them at good prices. 41. The dog attracted the sheep's 
attention. 42. The children read Charles Dickens's stories. 43. There 
was more apples than you thought. 44. He was Louis the Sixteenth's son's 
heir. 45. Shall he take a sail ? 46. The fates decide that victory shall 
not be the king's. 47. Shall I wait at the door? 48. To be able to benefit 
others are a condition of freedom and superiority. 49. Thou looks too 
much to helpers. 50. Martha's and Mary's work had been done. 51. 
Nobody's else children act so. 52. Neither honor nor wealth are gained 
from such conduct. 53. Bach man and each woman were invited to give 
their aid. 54. The six mouths' interest are still unpaid. 55. The firm 
have declined to close their doors. 56. Frank and George's horse has been 
hurt. 57. Books will speak plainly where counselors blanch. 58. Mary, 
as well as Frank's wagon were broken. 59. The dismissal of indolent 
pupils add to a class's working strength. 60. The woodland, as well as the 
gardens, were provided with benches. 61. In disputes men shall give soft 
words and hard arguments. 62. Your neglect joined to carelessness and 
disrespect have made you insufferable. 63. Iron or lead must be heated 
before they can be worked. 64. Anybody's else help might have been sought. 
65. The Senate formed themselves into a committee of the whole. 66. 
Boswell's, an inseparable companion of Dr. Johnson's, biography is very 
minute. 67. These two kings were Samuel, God's chosen servant's and 
Last of the Judge's, choice. 68. It is you that is to be nominated. 69. 
Will you study your lessons ? 70. Shame and reproach is generally the 
portion of the wicked. 71. Eight times nine is seventy -two. 72. Children 
should be permitted to be children. 73. A history of the times of King 
Charles the First of England. 74. The blacksmith, not the bricklayer, 
have received their pay. 75. There is little difference between The Earth 
and Venus's diameter. 76. St. Mark's Church in Venice's famous library 
was Petrarch's the great Italian poet's and scholar's gift. 77. His riches 
and power surpassed all credulity. 78. The council were in session. 79. 
57 added to 13 make 70. 80. Each da} 7 , as well as each year, were wit- 
nesses of his labors. 81. Did you say the hat was hers? 82. The cabi- 
net held their session behind closed doors. 83. Either the boy or the 
girl's shoes were removed. 84. Messrs. Wood's, Field's, and Co's building 
has just been completed. 85. 9 times twelve is 108. 86. The snuffers 
was broken. 87. What remarks have each man made. 88. Fleets and 
armies is not always the strongest bulwark. 89. I went to Julia's, my 
sister and mother's milliner's. 90. Either he or the other will receive 
their pay. 



A GENERAL REVIEW. 

It is optional whether this Review is made, or not; but, if the 
preceding work has been thoroughly done, the pupil has 
acquired such facility in criticizing sentences and cor- 
recting errors in them, that the few hours re- 
quisite to cover this Review could not be 
more profitably spent. 

i. He is the same person whom I saw. 2. Illy-clad children flocked 
to his home. 3. William is brighter than any of the pupils. 4. Does the 
sick man rest quietly ? 5. I have not thought otherwise but to accept his 
resignation. 6. Your books has not been properly covered. 7. This army 
were ordered to advance. 8. The pupil studied no lesson so careful as 
grammar. 9. She may select what gown she like. 10. Most everyone 
favored the amendment. 11. Who does the man think him to be? 12. It 
has been done negligently and carelessly. 13. Every horse were given 
time to eat their dinner. 14. Many valiant purposes are framed, that end 
only in words. 15. I cannot take all the children, but I would like to 
take few. 16. I will not attack without he moves against me. 17. These 
goods were bought at Messrs. Lippincott Co's, the publishers' and booksellers'. 
18. Sit aside all other considerations. 19. He isn't improving much, I 
don't think. 20. The ship sunk instantly. 21. He dressed otherwise 
besides as an actor. 22. Thou must depart, for the people know you. 
23. I visited him often and frequently. 24. You have thunk wrong. 
25. He seems like he was crazy. 26. I always have and always will speak 
the truth. 27. Them hesitating to comply, I withdrew. 28. Breeding and 
cultivation seldom comes of itself. 29. His family could show the greatest 
antiquity of all the others. 30. He hated wronging the poor more than 
any evil deed. 31. The city is managed exquisitely. 32. He accosts who- 
ever he meets. 33. The trade of the port is said to rapidly be increasing. 

34. Those best can bear reproofs who merits the praise of his fellows. 

35. Socrates, that was a great admirer of Cretan institutions, endeavored to 
excuse this. 36. They have knew it all along. 37. Did that trowsers fit? 
38. He begged them not to rashly try the experiment of change. 39. He 
died before the weary sun sat in the west. 40. His father whipped him 
shameful. 41. The mule drawed the wagon along. 42. A genius is never 
acquired by art, but which is the gift of nature. 43. I wish for anything 
else than a long life. 44. The work is near through. 45. The father 
stridded into the room. 46. The campaign was pretty quietly planned. 
47. Not only did we see the battle, but the death of many a noble soldier 
besides. 48. She boarded at Chicago. 49. The demand for speed and 
comfort are daily increasing. 50. The more better God is to us, the worser 
we are to him. 51. These are the very exercises which I desired, and that 
your brother needs. 52. I observed how that he studied diligently. 53. We 
do not know whom they were. 54. That is an entire different story. 55. In- 
vention, expression, and inspiration maketh the essence of poetry. 56. What 
is thy fortune, and do your prospects satisfy thee ? 57. The scheme was 
besot with dangers. 58. The society of ladies is, of all other schools of 
politeness, the best. 59. Get off of the grass. 60. This substance begins 
to sit in a few minutes. 61. Boys should stand erectly. 62. Have you 
swam across the river ? 63. I found no path so narrow which could not 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 37 

be used by the horse. 64. Not only were the men captured, but imprisoned 
likewise. 65. Illy-paid teachers are dangerous members of society. 66. They 
have often wore rare garments. 67. His father was a pretty shrewd man. 
68. They looked for anything besides ingratitude. 69. We compared his 
work to John's. 70. Many peasants they are employed hewing trees. 71. 
These rooms are squarer than any I have seen. 72. All the men who make 
up this community are Friends. 73. The horses were considered clumsily. 
74. I discovered it to be he. 75. The outlaws have replenished their stores 
again. 76. The suds has been left into the tub. 77. This is the same 
coin which you bought from them brothers. 78. Had they shrank the 
cloth after they had stoled it? 79. There is no more greater power than 
true affection. 80. 198 divided by 9 make 22. 81. You had ought to see 
him now. 82. The man rid awfully. 83. His money was foolishly exspent. 
84. You must not either study nor walk. 85. This picture is as expensive 
if not more so, than that. 86. I cannot find neither my coat nor hat. 
87. You must have lay the check there after the family had arose from 
table. 88. We determined to thoroughly investigate the matter. 89. I 
have never denied but that he is honest. 90. The books and the picture 
also, was lost. 91. She or you is to come. 92. The honeysuckle is sweeter 
than any flower. 93. A very fine colt was presented to Octavius, that 
promised great strength and endurance. 94. The boys was forced to continu- 
ally work, and to do their work neat. 95. Except him and I, no one saw 
it. 96. The boy grew strongly but studied frightfully. 97. The scissors 
is too dull to use. 98. Washington and Arnold started life honorable : the 
one is dishonored by his countrymen ; the other, loved. 99. They brung 
the ladder and then drived the nail through. 100. Three brace of chickens 
are his present. 101. Neither the mother nor the daughter are to sell their 
house. 102. You can never find neither his brother nor sister. 103. We 
have often thunk of you, but George don't worry himself. 104. I have not 
seen the wife nor the husband. 105. The merchant was more eager to sell 
his goods than of showing them. 106. A fever is when anyone has in- 
creased heat, quick pulse, languor, and thirst. 107. How the sailor spinned 
his yarns as we clang to the boat ! 108. I have thought of going often, but 
the children have no need with a trip. 109. All the boys were troubled 
that their work would be rejected. no. Those essays are Cicero's, Rome's 
great orator's and patriot's. in. Man use wheat more than any grain 

112. Your company was known by your manner of expressing of yourself. 

113. The king expelled the courtier which insulted the queen. 114. The 
tree grows enormously, but leans crookedly. 115. The wit of one and the 
wisdom of many are a proverb. 116. An earthquake is when the ground 
shakes. 117. The breeze had blew us to shore, and Philip brung the horse 
to meet us. 118. Calm thyself, for you have nothing to fear. 119. There 
is no master so severe as riches. 120. The horses have not been lame or 
have they been sick. 121. All the birds had fled to the south. 122. The 
soldiers died with the cholera. 123. His performances almost seem impos- 
sible. 124. He don't sit the jug onto the table. 125. The orator's object 
was neither to touch heart's nor win attention. 126. The property was 
evenly divided as possible. 127. Two letters only came from him, and 
neither were worth nothing. 128. The birds fried about the room's and striv 
to get out. 129. No member has neither said nor hinted such a thing about 
nobody. 130. They bought other houses besides these, but they was small. 
131. John and I has behaved ill, and they have no need with us. 132. These 



3% GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

sort of book's are not much read, but you have need for them. 133. An 
ordinary team of Esquimau dogs will easily travel for eight mile's in an 
hour. 134. Ten dimes makes a dollar. 135. The army appeared willingly, 
although it was illy-provided for. 136. The navy was disappointed of 
its pay. 137. Although they worked like beavers, he spoke cruelly and 
unfeelingly to them. 138. They could have lay there and rang the bell. 
139. The man told the boy to get the money from hi's safe. 140. He 
liked no music so much as Moore's Melodies'. 141. They are more de- 
sirous to be good than of appearing so. 142. Bight year's dividend were 
unpaid, although the company have built itself a temple. 143. The doctor 
often mentioned Curtis' s satires. 144. Every boy should attend to their own 
business. 145. Macaulay calls the liberty of discussion the safeguard of all 
liberties. 146. A fragrant, refreshing shower had lain the dust. 147. Sim- 
plicity, neatness, and fitness marketh the gentleman. 148. Put a mark 
between each leaf. 149. The cannon during this campaign was placed to 
a disadvantage. 150. Achilles sorely lamented for taking of such a disas- 
trous step. 151. The play was criticized frightfully. 152. Has the rooster 
crew to-day? 153. His ill's is different to your's, being the result from 
too much food. 154. She dares not omit the task her mother set for her. 
155. He owns an immense horse who is an eternal kicker. 156. I prefer 
other dispositions than these. 157. Not hot days, but damp weather are 
here now. 158. As her horses was taken, he needs not wait. 159. Have 
you gave to him the directions to what place to send the goods to ? 160. He 
set down upon a chair and give an account what was part-true. 161. 19 
multiplied by 6 make 114. 162. The suds was in the tub, although I thought 
she had emptied it. 163. Men and women's shoes are made at Lynn. 
164. Let them obey who knows not how to rule hisself. 165. Neither they 
nor she were helped. 166. Each bird, each tree, and each flower proclaim 
God's goodness. 167. The ground is not fertile, or is it sterile. 168. All 
men would avoid errors and distress of mind obeying rules. 169. His are 
health and riches and children and friends. 170. Truth is, of all other 
things, the most unchanging. 171. This sacrifice might have worthily 
atoned all the sins of the world. 172. He was thrusted in jail, yet his 
goods were more genuine than other dealers. 173. The soldiers were ordered 
to quickly prepare for battle. 174. It needs not stand too long. 175. A 
league of road would then have cost to the state for a year's revenue. 176. 
Neither riches nor reputation are desired. 177. The Holy Spirit, abides for- 
ever in the Church. 178. My only helper and adviser are in his grave. 
179. All the work was not done, for none have neither aided nor advised 
him. 180. Either the horse or the mule were fed their dinner. i8r. Great 
oaks have growed from little acorns. 182. I was annoyed by she dinning in 
my ear the folly of I refusing of honors. 183. It is the very animal which 
were seen. 184. Play in a thirty-six-feet square space. 185. You must 
either send Thomas or William. 186. Ants bite off all the buds before 
they lie it up. 187. Us being thus annoyed, he did not expect for better 
results. 188. We were only the two persons who was there. 189. Thou 
art him who they described. 190. He is a slow and a lazy boy. 191. These 
boys neither caught or saw a fish. 192. The scholar, not idlers, have some- 
thing to repay their efforts. 193. The men of this family is dying with 
consumption. 194. What thinks the helpers about the change ? 195. The 
greatest statesmen are even sometimes accused of ignorance. 196. We staid 
in a pretty village to carefully study the language. 197. Nobody becomes 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 39 

great hearing rules. 198. They set idly and often talk imprudent. 199. I 
have not arranged the time either for the grammar nor arithmetic. 200. 
Those red berries are like to little marbles. 20 r. Men are more oftener 
led by their hearts than by their understanding's. 203. The foundation of 
all knowledge and the cement of all societies are truth. 203. The fishermen 
even owns horses. 204. There is riches enough between our people. 205. 
He, and I also, am to be acquitted. 206. A coincidence is, when two things 
happen at the same time. 207. All the mighty has fell from high places. 
208. I know you when I see thee. 209. He speaks the longest of any 
other senator. 210. This spot is lonely as any one could wish. 211. He 
has ridden himself of all these troublesome people. 212. Each man 
thought their business were most important. 213. He denied the accusation 
again and again, and continually. 214. I will honor they that honor I. 
215. Do you wish less barrels than you ordered? 216. Thou should try 
and work faster and neater. 217. Philadelphia is where William Penn 
made his first settlement. 218. We all had catched severe colds, and John 
freezed his fingers. 219. To what shall we liken him to ! 220. He 
seemed sickly, but acted like he was craz}^. 221. They all watched that 
nothing would happen to the child. 222. The acoustics of the room are 
poor. 223. The drover bought 20 yokes of oxens. 224. This is the 
property of the hospital of the medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania. 225. Many a tale are lost in telling of it. 226. The 
clothes was washed cleanly, and the silver polished brightly. 227. Most 
all children like candy. 228. The departure of these people seem like a 
relief. 229. Truth and light only travel in straight lines. 230. The girls 
have often sang there, and have strove to win applause. 231. Bvery ani- 
mal who is in the cage looks like to a cat. 232. The fear of war is worser 
than war itself. 233. The gown looked neither new nor felt soft. 234. 
Entire new furniture will be bought. 235. A group of boys which lived at 
New York was standing under the tree. 236. Excessive severe sentences 
were passed upon the robbers who had kept secretly. 237. I have never 
heard who they told. 238. Henry said he did not want any oranges, but 
he took few. 239. Did you read the late published account? 240. Sol- 
diers were not only enlisted from the city but from the country. 241. Them 
are the things what we learn. 242. I earn my money quick, but will spend 
it foolish. 243. Don't go without he accompanies you. 244. Set a flower 
between every leaf. 245. His great wealth gives him the advantage of me. 
246. No power can urge a man to as great effort as necessity. 247. The 
thieves were hung upon a tree. 248. Thou, and she also, is eating fero- 
ciously. 249. The boy's conduct neither was good or bad. 250. You or 
I are to blame. 251. Many men were not hanged for the insurrection. 

252. To appear delicate, and even fragile, are almost essential to beauty. 

253. The fish laid upon the ground, and were so stale that they stank. 

254. The men were put in the jail that stole the horse. 255. A horde of 
savages was rushing throiigh the breach. 256. These lines is less oblique 
than I directed. 257. No fault is so trivial in a child which should not 
deserve correction. 258. He sold a large consignment of shoes and sold 
them at a fair profit. 259. We should sit down punctually all receipts and 
expenses. 260. James the Second's, King of England, acts was often im- 
prudent. 261. In Massachusetts the soldiers and colonists had many petty 
quarrels. 262. Thee are three years older than us. 263. We heard him 
to scream loud for help. 264. I had hardly entered the room but he asked 



40 GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 

me for an alms. 265. Who is he who dares ask ? 266. You have did it 
too quickly and swiftly to examine the book careful. 267. They call there 
seldom or ever. 268. Him being excited, we could not hide it. 269. I 
cannot hear a dog crying without pitying them. 270. They rode the two 
lighter of his horses. 271. A flock of sheep were saw in the fields. 272. 
John has did the work careless, because it threatened to rain frequently. 
273. I have not only written poems but prose. 274. Every tree and every 
shrub have been stripped of leaves. 275. Will you accommodate me to a 
seat? 276. He always weeps mournfully. 277. In conducting of affairs 
young men fly to the end without considering of the means. 278. Many 
graceful letters has been written her.' 279. The woman sunk in a chair 
after she had swore to the statement. 280. Either his good sense or his 
good feeling dictate his manner. 281. The man and the house which is 
painted white are very old. 282. To receive and communicate assistance 
constitute the happiness of life. 283. What have become of my hats ? 
284. Diamonds sparkle more than any precious stone. 285. Like as pride 
is sometimes hidden under humility, so idleness are often covered by turbu- 
lence and hurry. 286. Her's are education and accomplishments and hosts 
of friends. 287. Honesty, not great riches, were his aspiration. 288. Every 
girl should give themselves a suitable training in housekeeping. 289. The 
man and horse were throwed highly into the air. 290. It is not me that 
he is provoked at. 291. I rent a part-furnished house, that I have 
pretty well filled with furniture. 292. A revival is where anything is again 
called from obscurity. 293. No person knows but what I sent for he. 
294. The apparition appeared on the wall suddenly. 295. They returned 
with something else besides gold. 296. John Adams' sturdy worth was 
often misrepresented. 297. You were angered with the reply. 298. Those 
kind of injuries he needs not fear. 299. I will try and get an appointment 
for him. 300. I wrote how that he had been received by the king. 30 r. 
The horse, as well as the sheep were sold. 302. The boys were compared 
with eel's. 303. The dying soldier asked his comrade to give his watch 
to his son. 304. Neither he nor I is named. 305. Of the two fruits the 
peaches are the mellowest. 306. The United States is more powerful than 
any republic in the world. 307. The general not only sent orders to the 
colonel, but to the captain. 308. Does he know who he is talking to ? 
309. Many rare books were bought him. 310. The child found a twenty- 
five-cents piece. 31 t. These class of society is dependent upon others. 
312. No one can say but whosoever the court favors is safe. 313. No time 
for rest and refreshment were given. 314. He placed the money at the 
bank. 315. Of all other pestilential blockheads, a well-read fool is the 
worst. 316. The girls wear something else beside green gowns. 317. Who 
do you think I saw the other day? 318. As I cannot remember your face, 
you have the advantage over me. 319. All courtiers rank at beneath the 
queen. 320. I could not guess whom it should be. 321. I saw nothing 
either mean or dishonest in his conduct. 322. Of all other pleasures, that 
arising from duty is the most solid. 323. There is no evil more common 
than the abuse of the understanding. 324. You know as well as me what 
was done. 325. Health and strength is the first consideration to me. 326. 
Neither a tattler nor a busy-body wins any praise for themselves. 327. A 
most tedious old wearisome man were Mr. Jones. 328. Them are the same 
pictures which I seen at Vienna. 329. I would not be surprised but what 
they wanted your services. 330. I have been nowhere else but in the woods. 



GRAMMATICAL CAUTIONS. 41 

331. These houses were not built either for the man nor his brother. 332. 
I bestow favors on whosoever I will. 333. There were a crowd of men and 
women. 334. Heaven, from all creatures, hide the book of fate. 335. The 
prince, and the duke too, have received their allowance. 336. He over- 
throwed the wrestler and manager. 337. Caesar and Napoleon was famous 
generals : the one was a Corsican ; the other, a Roman. 338. He owns an 
expensive collection of pictures. 339. I bought less horses than I intended. 
340. He is the most interesting man who ever visited us. 341. His con- 
versation is such that pleases. 342. Try and reduce expenses, as there are 
no returns either from the house nor lands. 343. He does not know but 
he may come. 344. The elephant is larger but not so useful as the horse. 
345. Neither lands nor a house was needed for such an life. 346. We being 
conscious of our integrity is a great solace in time of trouble. 347. Who 
doubts but that my friend and I was rude ? 348. ' I would act the same part 
if I was him. 349. Keep this a secret between }^ou and I. 350. Thou 
speaks "untruths about the matter. 351. Power, as well as riches, are often 
given to the worst men. 352. It is the many hours given to study which 
is wearing him out. 353. They always has and always will be in propor- 
tion with accounts. 354. Good behaviour in a crowd calls a vast amount 
of presence of mind. 355. From whence has he came ? 356. The man 
was not a doctor, or was he a mechanic. 357. He become a great speaker 
and writer, carefully studying the best English authors. 358. Thursday 
was the clearest of any previous day during the month. 359. Of all 
other biting animals the malevolent has the sharpest teeth. 360. An unpre- 
pared death is a most awful fate. 361. It is thou that is to benefited, 
should you finish the work in about two weeks. 362. At the corner is three 
men dividing the money among two boys. 363. Science and literature are 
the course he studies. 364. They cannot see an}' man without suspecting 
them. 365. As the ashes was left in the cellar he removed it. 367. They 
were molested with your loud laughter. 368. The class are responsible 
for all breakages. 369. I agree with your statement that the worst men 
often gives in the best advice. 370. The mighty luce, or pike, are the 
tyrant of our fresh waters. 371. Washington, Adams, and Jefferson's 
administration was free from extensive wars. 372. As the five yoke of 
oxen was returned, the withdrawal of the suits were expected. 




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